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The Passivity Architecture on the Bench: A Collision-Model Test in Circuit QED

Abraham J. Letter

Published Aug 5, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A companion programme derives an uncertainty floor, no-signalling, and the Clausius relation from one clause: all access is mediated by fresh cells of a finite, passive (KMS) sector. Whatever its fundamental status, that clause makes five sharp, testable claims about a laboratory system with the same architecture — a long-lived oscillator accessed only through a stream of ancilla qubits. We propose a circuit-QED realisation and specify all five with quantitative targets, from a coupling-independent estimation floor to a Bell frontier reaching 2√2 at zero demon work. Requirements sit within demonstrated capability. Keywords: circuit QED, collision models, quantum thermodynamics, Maxwell's demon, uncertainty relations, Bell inequalities, open quantum systems, experimental proposal, quant-ph

DOI
10.5281/zenodo.21537260

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A companion programme derives an uncertainty floor, no-signalling, and the Clausius relation from one clause: all access is mediated by fresh cells of a finite, passive (KMS) sector. Whatever its fundamental status, that clause makes five sharp, testable claims about a laboratory system with the same architecture — a long-lived oscillator accessed only through a stream of ancilla qubits. We propose a circuit-QED realisation and specify all five with quantitative targets, from a coupling-independent estimation floor to a Bell frontier reaching 2√2 at zero demon work. Requirements sit within demonstrated capability. Keywords: circuit QED, collision models, quantum thermodynamics, Maxwell's demon, uncertainty relations, Bell inequalities, open quantum systems, experimental proposal, quant-ph
Recent developments in experimental methods allow for the study of thermodynamic properties of quantum systems. In quantum integrated circuits, quantum systems are elements in an electric circuit that can straightforwardly be coupled to other elements. This manipulability allows one to construct quantum heat engines, Maxwell demons etc. Quantum integrated circuits also are one of the main potential settings to realise a working quantum computer. Calorimetric measurements in integrated circuits serve as a promising technique to probe thermodynamic laws of the quantum regime and to study the inner workings of quantum devices. Due to this experimental accessibility, the theoretical study of open quantum systems in the context of quantum integrated circuits is highly relevant. Open quantum systems are typically small systems, e.g. qubits or oscillators, in contact with one or more reservoirs. The research on which this thesis is based can roughly be divided into two parts. The first part is concerned with the thermodynamics of a driven qubit in contact with a thermal bath. This system is the archetype of a quantum out-ofequilibrium system. In one case the qubit is strongly driven by a semiclassical driving field. Building on earlier works, the thermodynamic relations of the system are found by proving the equivalence with an easier to study qubit-oscillator system. In the other, case the qubit is driven by being in contact with two baths with a temperature gradient. The full generating function is derived in a proper approximative scheme and a fluctuation-dissipation relation is found. The second part focusses on a specific experimental scheme to perform calorimetric measurements. The scheme relies on coupling a quantum system to a finite reservoir and performing fast temperature measurements on the reservoir. Doing so allows one to infer energy changes in the reservoir and therefore to obtain the heat exchanged with the system. The dynamics of this system are modelled for weak system-reservoir coupling and concrete experimental predictions are made. In new work, the dynamics for a toy model of a system interacting with a finite reservoir are derived from first principles for a specific model. The first principle derivation matches with the earlier modelled dynamics in the weak coupling and allows to consider strong system-reservoir coupling as well.
Abstract Digital quantum simulation of open quantum systems has produced a range of methods for reproducing non-Markovian dynamics, including pseudomode embeddings, the hierarchical equations of motion, and collision models. These methods are validated against populations, coherences, or spectra. They are not validated against the quantities that define memory itself, and the behavior of those quantities under the pressures of a real simulation is largely unexamined. We study three such pressures. First, a single-qubit mode encoding misrepresents the Breuer-Laine-Piilo (BLP) measure with an error whose sign flips between regimes: it fabricates memory at strong coupling, by about a factor of 2.6 over the converged value, and it erases memory at moderate temperature. The Rivas-Huelga-Plenio (RHP) measure corroborates the temperature-driven destruction, while at strong coupling it is numerically unstable and does not track the BLP result. We derive a cross-validated rule for the required Fock dimension that collapses both regimes onto the occupied number extent, d req ≈ ⌈⟨n⟩+c σ n ⌉+1, and we show that the constant must be calibrated on super-Poissonian statistics. Second, using the exact noisy measure as computable ground truth, we show that the raw finite-shot estimate of the BLP measure can nearly double the true value under realistic noise. We provide a debiased estimator that is validated near-unbiased in that regime, together with a Markovian null-floor control that ports to hardware. Third, temporally correlated device noise is conflated with physical memory by the measure. A resource-fair comparison finds that a pseudomode and an ancilla-train collision model reach parity at equal qubit cost for a single-Lorentzian bath. Every result is simulator-based, validated against an exact reference, and reproducible from recorded data. We make no claim of quantum advantage.
This paper compares the cooling performance of Markovian and non-Markovian quantum collisional models for nanoscale thermodynamic devices. A minimal setup is considered: a single qubit system repeatedly collides with qubit ancillas acting as a heat bath, while a local cooling “demon” operates on the system after each collision. Two regimes are analyzed: (i) a Markovian protocol where the system interacts with a fresh thermal ancilla at every step and the ancilla is subsequently rethermalized, and (ii) a non-Markovian protocol where the system repeatedly interacts with the same initially thermal environment qubit with no reset, allowing correlations (memory) to build up. A central contribution is an efficiency definition that explicitly includes all external energetic resources, counting both the energy removed by the demon and the otherwise hidden work cost of rethermalizing the ancillas in the Markovian implementation. The demon is modeled as an amplitude damping channel; via an explicit Stinespring dilation, the extracted energy is interpreted as heat dumped into an auxiliary cold reservoir, and the paper discusses how additional demon memory/erasure (Landauer) costs would further reduce operational efficiency. Numerical simulations show that the non-Markovian protocol can cool the system to much lower final energies and achieve substantially higher efficiency than the Markovian protocol across a wide range of collision (coupling) and damping strengths. The enhancement is traced to the finite environment’s initial energy and its capacity to store correlations as usable thermodynamic resources. The results emphasize that bounds and benchmarks derived under Markovian assumptions may significantly underestimate performance in finite, memoryful environments, and that reported efficiencies should be interpreted as upper bounds when demon implementation costs are not fully modeled.
La computació quàntica ha evolucionat ràpidament en els darrers anys, fet que ha augmentat la necessitat de mètodes fiables per avaluar els sistemes quàntics emergents. Un dels principals reptes és la disponibilitat limitada de circuits quàntics per a fer benchmarking, ja que la majoria dels circuits existents cobreixen només un rang reduït de configuracions. Tot i que els circuits generats aleatòriament ajuden a ampliar aquest conjunt, sovint manquen d'una estructura significativa i no reflecteixen patrons realistes. Aquesta tesi presenta el desenvolupament d'un generador de circuits quàntics capaç de produir circuits sintètics a partir d'un graf d'interaccions, d'una distribució de portes per secció i d'una profunditat arbitraris. Per avaluar el rendiment del generador, ens centrem a clonar circuits existents mitjançant un model que es pot generalitzar a estructures arbitràries. Mitjançant experimentació, demostrem que els circuits generats presenten una alta similitud de les propietats avaluades amb les seves versions originals. Els nostres experiments inclouen la clonació de versions de 100 qubits dels algoritmes Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT), Quantum Phase Estimation (QPE), Amplitude Estimation (AE) i Deutsch-Jozsa (DJ).
Quantum decoherence does not permit the operation of (new) miniaturised devices or protocols that can otherwise run unassisted in classical settings, without explicit user agent intervention in the quantum realm. Classical driving signals are inadequate to model a truly quantum device built entirely in the quantum realm. Synchronisation endures miniaturisation without sacrificing quantum coherence, unlike thermalisation. We quantise the Kuramoto model and the Van der Pol oscillator and couple it with qubit(s) to show a robust limit cycle even in typical quantum thermodynamical settings. Novel effects such as Entanglement State Revivals, Zeno locking and thermal current interference are observed. We propose toy model devices that can be implemented harnessing the Synchronisation of a qubit (or an arbitrary collection of qubits) with a nonlinear phase oscillator. The framework theory used here, Spectral Mechanics, is a fresh look at the foundations of conventional quantum mechanics and is extensible to completely new forms of interactions and models in experimental settings.