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Acta Physica Sinica

Automatic frequency stabilization technology for atomic microwave measurement based on spectral peak recognition

Tang Xin, Lin Yi, Zhao Jiandong, Yang Kai, Fu Yunqi

Published Jan 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

基于里德堡原子的微波测量技术因具有宽频带、小尺寸探头、高灵敏度等优点而受到广泛关注，激光系统的自动稳频是提升原子微波测量系统自动化水平与响应速度的关键环节。然而，现有系统多依赖人工操作实现激光频率锁定，针对原子微波测量双波长激光自动稳频的研究尚不充分。本文提出一种基于光谱峰距离的峰识别算法，实现对饱和吸收光谱与电磁诱导透明光谱中目标峰的准确定位，并以此为频率基准直接驱动激光自动稳频闭环，从而完成探测光与耦合光频率的自动锁定。测量结果表明，探测光频率自动锁定耗时5.55秒，耦合光频率自动锁定耗时13.9秒；探测光频率秒级稳定度达10-10量级，32 s平均时间下阿伦偏差最小为1.1×10-10 ；耦合光频率秒级稳定度也在10-10量级，16 s平均时间下阿伦偏差最小为2.3×10-10。在测试周期内，自动锁定后的探测光与耦合光展现出良好的频率稳定性，其稳定度指标满足里德堡原子微波测量系统的典型工作需求，验证了所提基于光谱峰距离的峰识别算法的可靠性。

DOI
10.7498/aps.75.20260672

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Abstract: This paper introduces an adaptive quantum particle resonance pattern recognition algorithm designed to automatically identify and stabilize quantum systems. The core mechanism leverages the inherent quantum properties of particles to achieve more robust and adaptable pattern recognition. We present a novel approach that automatically identifies and analyzes resonant frequencies within a system, providing a foundation for enhanced stability. The algorithm's adaptability is achieved through a dynamically adjusting resonance threshold, allowing it to effectively identify and mitigate potential instability. This research contributes to the advancement of quantum system stability through the application of advanced pattern recognition techniques.
光谱测量与成像技术的进步，已成为生命科学与材料科学研究中的关键表征手段。然而，在针对光学响应微弱的样品（如低维材料、活体细胞等）进行实际观测时，高功率激发光往往引入显著经典噪声，并造成不可忽视的光致损伤，从而限制了光学测量的信噪比与应用范围。在此背景下，具备特殊量子统计特性的非经典光源（如纠缠光与压缩光）为实现超越经典极限的信噪比提升提供了极具潜力的解决方案。本文聚焦于量子增强光谱与成像领域，系统梳理了基于纠缠光与压缩光两类重要量子光源的最新研究进展。纠缠光凭借光子间的量子关联特性，在关联成像、非探测光子成像及超快干涉测量等应用中展现出卓越的抗噪声能力；而压缩光则通过压缩光场噪声，在位移传感、等离激元探测及非线性显微成像等方面显著提升了探测灵敏度与信噪比。本文进一步系统阐述了量子光源在提高信噪比、降低光致损伤、提升时间分辨率以及增强非线性转换效率等方面的独特优势，并分析了当前制约量子成像技术实用化的关键挑战，包括光源亮度低，系统损耗大等问题。最后，对该领域未来的发展方向进行了展望。
量子弱测量基于弱值放大与后选择效应，在微小物理量表征和高灵敏传感计等方面具有重要作用，但目前受限于单重弱相互作用与单一测量通道，存在测量精度不足和多参数并行化受限的问题．本文从理论和实验上研究了基于可调谐光谱和迭代弱相互作用的双参量量子弱测量，实现了M参量和I参量的高精度相位差测量．理论分析表明，通过调控光谱宽度和多重弱相互作用可增强弱值放大效应；在满足弱测量条件k/2≪ρ≪1k / 2 \ll \rho \ll 1k/2≪ρ≪1时，N重迭代弱相互作用使动量M和强度I参量的测量精度较单重弱相互作用提升N倍．实验采用三重弱相互作用：当光谱谱宽为750 GHz时，动量M参量实现了4.06× 10-8 rad的相位差测量精度，测量精度提升至原来的2.78倍；当谱宽降至500 kHz时，I参量实现5.99× 10-7rad测量精度，测量精度提升了2.97倍，并保持了17.4 dB的信噪比；双参量测量精度的提升均与理论3倍符合良好．当谱宽为125 GHz时，M和I参量均实现了10-6-10-7rad量级测量，测量精度较传统单重弱测量提升约3倍．该方案利用双参量在百kHz至亚太赫兹(sub-terahertz)可调光谱范围内实现了高精度且高信噪比相位差测量，光子利用率较传统单重弱测量提升3倍，为相位非经典精密传感提供了兼具多参量并行和宽光谱适配性的可行方案．
Rydberg atoms enable ultrasensitive microwave detection through their exceptional polarizability, but their use as decoders in communications is limited by a scarcity of scalable frequency points, which arises from cross-modulation in multifrequency fields and narrow operational bandwidth of the sensor. This work introduces a digital communication framework that integrates orbital angular momentum (OAM) with frequency-division multiplexing (FDM). By mapping each FDM subcarrier to a distinct OAM, we construct a 2-D multiplexing space that combines the spectral dimension of FDM with the spatial-phase dimension of OAM. As a result, the theoretical channel capacity scales as the product of the capacities attainable in each individual dimension, thereby overcoming the inherent limit of conventional single-dimensional multiplexing. OAM features are mapped to Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) spectra through quadrupole-gradient coupling, enabling simultaneous OAM identification and FDM demodulation using spectral templates, without separate detectors. Simulations show greater than 98% overall recognition accuracy under the transition$|61\text {D}_{5/2}\rangle \to |63\text {P}_{1/2}\rangle :atanSNRofunder10dB,OAMmode1isidentifiedwith99.6: at an SNR of under 10 dB, OAM mode 1 is identified with 99.6% accuracy (0.4% misclassification) and OAM mode 0 with 98.1% (1.9% misclassification). Meanwhile, QPSK phase recognition remains greater than 98.5%, with:atanSNRofunder10dB,OAMmode1isidentifiedwith99.6\varphi _{k}=\pi /2$and3π/23\pi /23π/2being 1.5–2% lower than forφk=0\varphi _{k}=0φk​=0and$\pi $. This work supports high-performance multifrequency microwave technologies by enhancing capacity and simplifying the architecture.
The OMDR (optical-microwave double resonance) spectrum of /sup 87/Rb with the aim of using a frequency-stabilized GaAs semiconductor laser instead of an Rb lamp as a pumping source in a gas-cell-type Rb frequency standard. Natural isotope /sup 87/Rb was sealed in a glass cell with buffer gases (Ar/N/sub 2/=1.2, total pressure=39 torr). The double resonance signal in the 5P/sub 1/2/(F=2) from 5S/sub 1/2/(F=1) transition appearing at the resonance to the F=2 from 1 hyperfine transition of the 5S/sub 1/2/ state was detected. The optimum operational cell temperature was 56 degrees C. The peak-to-peak frequency width of the atomic hyperfine resonance discriminator used to stabilize the microwave frequency shifts induced by detuning of the laser frequency, changes in the laser and microwave powers, and temperature drift of the cell were investigated.>
基于里德堡原子的微波电场传感器在过去的10年间迅速发展。里德堡原子电场传感器具有超高灵敏度和自校准能力，已被证明是微波通信的优秀量子接收系统。里德堡原子接收机具有以下几个优势：非金属的原子探头不会干扰待测场，可以实现非破坏通信；里德堡原子传感器将高频微波转化为光谱探测，微波调制直接映射到原子光谱，因此里德堡原子接收机无需解调电路，全光学的探测装置使得原子接收机免受电磁干扰；工作频率的可调节范围大，通过选择不同的里德堡能级，载波频率可从MHz覆盖到THz；原子接收机带宽不受天线尺寸限制，因此可突破Chu极限(Chu limit)；在工作带宽内测量灵敏度高，有望提升弱场通信能力。近年来，里德堡原子通信接收机引起研究者的强烈关注。里德堡原子通信接收机有望集成并融合到现有的无线通信系统，提高无线通信的通信距离。本文综述基于里德堡原子的通信接收机进展，详细介绍里德堡原子通信接收机的原理、优势、潜能与实验进展，并讨论了其未来发展方向与趋势。