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IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics

Measurement of the characteristics of the optical-microwave double-resonance effect of the /sup 87/Rb D/sub 1/ line for application as an atomic frequency standard

I Matsuda, S. Yamaguchi, Masao Suzuki

Published Jan 1, 1990• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The OMDR (optical-microwave double resonance) spectrum of /sup 87/Rb with the aim of using a frequency-stabilized GaAs semiconductor laser instead of an Rb lamp as a pumping source in a gas-cell-type Rb frequency standard. Natural isotope /sup 87/Rb was sealed in a glass cell with buffer gases (Ar/N/sub 2/=1.2, total pressure=39 torr). The double resonance signal in the 5P/sub 1/2/(F=2) from 5S/sub 1/2/(F=1) transition appearing at the resonance to the F=2 from 1 hyperfine transition of the 5S/sub 1/2/ state was detected. The optimum operational cell temperature was 56 degrees C. The peak-to-peak frequency width of the atomic hyperfine resonance discriminator used to stabilize the microwave frequency shifts induced by detuning of the laser frequency, changes in the laser and microwave powers, and temperature drift of the cell were investigated.>

DOI
10.1109/3.44911

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A laser optically-pumped vapour-cell atomic frequency standard ("Rb clock") using a DFB laser diode as pump light source is presented. The Rb clock is based on probing the ground-state hyperfine "clock" transition at 6.8 GHz of atomic87Rb, by optical-microwave double-resonance technique. The frequency stability of the clock is measured.

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Investigation of Rubidium Hyperfine Structure Frequency Stabilization Mechanisms.

T. McClelland, T. M. Kwon

The linewidth and frequency associated with the ground state hyperfine energy fo Rb 87 has been studied. A stable single mode semiconductor laser is used to optically pump Rb, in order to obtain a highly collimated, monochromatic light source. The laser is stabilized by locking its optical frequency to the Rb absorption line center. The dependence of the hyperfine frequency and resonance linewidth have been measured as a function of temperature, light intensity and microwave power; and a theoretical description of the linewidth vs. temperature data is presented. Keywords: Optical pumping; Rubidium; Frequency standard; Frequency shift; Light shift; Density matrix; Buffer gas; Linewidth; and Magnetic resonance.

•Aug 1, 1984•0 citations
The OMDR (optical-microwave double resonance) spectrum of /sup 87/Rb with the aim of using a frequency-stabilized GaAs semiconductor laser instead of an Rb lamp as a pumping source in a gas-cell-type Rb frequency standard. Natural isotope /sup 87/Rb was sealed in a glass cell with buffer gases (Ar/N/sub 2/=1.2, total pressure=39 torr). The double resonance signal in the 5P/sub 1/2/(F=2) from 5S/sub 1/2/(F=1) transition appearing at the resonance to the F=2 from 1 hyperfine transition of the 5S/sub 1/2/ state was detected. The optimum operational cell temperature was 56 degrees C. The peak-to-peak frequency width of the atomic hyperfine resonance discriminator used to stabilize the microwave frequency shifts induced by detuning of the laser frequency, changes in the laser and microwave powers, and temperature drift of the cell were investigated.>
The frequency of a GaAs semiconductor laser was locked to the hyperfine spectrum of the Rb D/sub 1/ line by saturation spectroscopy. A first GaAs laser was locked to one of the Doppler-free hyperfine lines using a source modulation method. The burnt hole modulated by the stabilized laser beam was detected by a second laser beam irradicated from the same or the opposite direction and was used as a frequency discriminator to stabilize the second laser. The characteristics of the double-resonance spectrum were measured. The frequency stability of the second laser, which was free from frequency modulation, was estimated to be on the order of 10/sup -9/.>
Experiments were carried out to evaluate the performances of a semiconductor laser pumped rubidium (87Rb) atomic clock. Two kinds of Rb gas cells were used and their performances were compared [gas cell A (natural rubidium (87Rb/85Rb =\frac{3}{7}) and buffer gases) and gas cell B (87Rb and buffer gases)]. The highest microwave frequency stabilities were estimated as3.4 \times 10^{-12} \tau^{-1/2}and2.7 \times 10^{-12} \tau^{-1/2}at the optimal gas cell temperatures of 60°C and 48°C for the gas cellsAandB, respectively (τ: integration time). The light shift, i.e., microwave frequency shift induced by laser light, was measured as -0.50 Hz/MHz and -0.11 Hz/MHz for the gas cellsAandBat their optimal operating conditions given above. As an improved experiment by utilizing high temporal coherence of the laser, a novel double resonance spectral line shape with a drastically narrower linewidth was demonstrated. A technique, similar to FM laser spectroscopy, was employed for this purpose by utilizing laser FM sidebands which are induced by microwave frequency modulation and nonlinear susceptibility of three-level87Rb atoms. The minimum linewidth obtained was 20 Hz, which can be used as a sensitive frequency discriminator for an improved87Rb atomic clock.
The /sup 87/Rb cell frequency standard, optically pumped by a laser diode, is of great interest in the development of high short-term stability oscillators. We report experiments performed on a rubidium cell prototype aiming at evaluate the transfer of the laser noise to the hyperfine clock transition via the light shift effect, which appears to be the main contribution to the observed short term frequency stability in this kind of standard. Pulsed optical pumping will also be examined in order to strongly reduce the light shift effect and to achieve the theoretical limit never approached up to now despite the strong detected microwave signals.
The linewidth and frequency associated with the ground state hyperfine energy fo Rb 87 has been studied. A stable single mode semiconductor laser is used to optically pump Rb, in order to obtain a highly collimated, monochromatic light source. The laser is stabilized by locking its optical frequency to the Rb absorption line center. The dependence of the hyperfine frequency and resonance linewidth have been measured as a function of temperature, light intensity and microwave power; and a theoretical description of the linewidth vs. temperature data is presented. Keywords: Optical pumping; Rubidium; Frequency standard; Frequency shift; Light shift; Density matrix; Buffer gas; Linewidth; and Magnetic resonance.