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Journal of Computing and Electronic Information Management

Secrecy Analysis for a Fixed UAV-Assisted DF Relay Network with Hardware Impairments over Nakagami-m Channels

Shuiwang Niu

Published May 28, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A fixed UAV-assisted decode-and-forward relay network is examined from the perspective of physical-layer security under residual transceiver distortion. The source communicates with the destination only through the UAV relay, and the eavesdropper overhears the relay transmission. Independent Nakagami-m fading is used for the three wireless links so that different UAV propagation conditions can be represented within one model. Based on the SNDRs of the two legitimate hops and the wiretap hop, expressions for SOP and SPSC are derived, and simplified finite-sum integral forms are given for integer fading parameters. The numerical study confirms the analytical results and shows how fading severity, secrecy-rate demand, eavesdropper SNR, and impairment level affect secure transmission.

DOI
10.54097/8x62kd89

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A fixed UAV-assisted decode-and-forward relay network is examined from the perspective of physical-layer security under residual transceiver distortion. The source communicates with the destination only through the UAV relay, and the eavesdropper overhears the relay transmission. Independent Nakagami-m fading is used for the three wireless links so that different UAV propagation conditions can be represented within one model. Based on the SNDRs of the two legitimate hops and the wiretap hop, expressions for SOP and SPSC are derived, and simplified finite-sum integral forms are given for integer fading parameters. The numerical study confirms the analytical results and shows how fading severity, secrecy-rate demand, eavesdropper SNR, and impairment level affect secure transmission.
In this paper, we investigate the secrecy performance of a dual-hop cooperative untrusted relay network. In this network, a source node communicates with the destination node via an untrusted fixed-gain amplify-and-forward (AF) relay node. We use destination-assisted jamming so as to keep the source and destination nodes information confidential from the relay node. Under this scenario, we derive the exact secrecy outage probability (SOP) expression, tight approximate SOP expression, and asymptotic SOP expression in the high signal-to-noise ratio regime under Nakagami-m fading channels. The analysis studied in this paper can be applicable to any AF relaying systems for fixed relay gain, and two scenarios to calculate the fixed gain are compared in terms of SOP performance. Finally, the numerical and simulation studies corroborate our analytical findings.
Today, wireless networks become the most popular way to communicate. However, information can be easily eavesdropped or extracted by eavesdroppers due to the broadcast nature of wireless communication. Multi-hop relay communication systems provide for higher secrecy performance than direct transmission techniques. In this paper, the physical layer secrecy performance of multi-hop decode-and-forward (DF) relay network is investigated in the presence of multiple passive eavesdroppers over Nakagami-m fading channels. To do so, we find out the exact closed-form expressions of existence probability of secrecy capacity and secrecy outage probability by using statistical characteristics of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Importantly, these expressions are in more general forms compared to other results in the literature. The proposed results show a quite agreement between numerical analysis and equivalent Monte-Carlo simulations.
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The authors investigate the secrecy performance of a cooperative relaying network, wherein a fixed source communicates with a fixed destination via an amplify‐and‐forward mobile relay in the presence of a passive mobile eavesdropper. They assume that the source‐to‐relay channel and relay‐to‐destination channel experience Nakagami‐ m fading, whereas relay‐to‐eavesdropper link follows double Nakagami‐ m fading. Under such a mixed fading environment, they derive the novel tight closed‐form expressions for the secrecy outage probability (SOP), probability of non‐zero secrecy capacity, and intercept probability of the considered system. They also deduce the asymptotic secrecy outage and intercept probability expressions in the high signal‐to‐noise ratio regime to highlight the impact of fading parameters and channel conditions on the secrecy diversity order. It is shown that the system can achieve secrecy diversity order of min( ) in terms of SOP, and in terms of intercept probability, where and represent the fading severity parameters between source and relay and between relay and destination, respectively. They also formulate and investigate analytically two optimisation problems, namely, optimal relay location with fixed power allocation and optimal power allocation with fixed relay location, to minimise the system SOP. They verify analytical findings via numerical and simulation results.
In this paper, physical layer security issue for a down-link wireless communication system is examined, composed of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), a legitimate receiver and a passive eavesdropper. The destination is equipped with two antennas and applies the full-duplex (FD) Bob-based jamming (FD-BBJ) strategy to achieve secure transmission. Considering that practical air-to-ground (A2G) channels experience Nakagami-m fading and the FD legitimate receiver is affected by self-interference (SI), closed-form expressions of approximate ergodic achievable secrecy rate (EASR) with help of Gauss-Laguerre Quadrature (GLQ) and compact secrecy outage probability (SOP) expression are derived, respectively. To gain more insights, asymptotic secrecy performance is analysed in the case of extreme total system transmit power, via deriving closed-form expression for asymptotic EASR and compact expression for asymptotic SOP. Numerical results have verified the correctness of our theoretical analysis and proved that the FD-BBJ strategy applied in the UAV-aided wireless communication system can help achieve considerable secrecy performance gain.
In this study, we investigate the secrecy outage performance achieved by opportunistic relaying for a low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm secure communication system in the presence of multiple UAV-eavesdroppers. In the primary channel, multiple UAV-transmitters are connected to a ground station via the ground-to-air (G2A) wireless backhaul and a UAV-transmitter and UAV-relay are selected to transmit the source signal to a far ground destination under air-to-air and air-to-ground Nakagami-m fading links. In the eavesdropping channel, maximum ratio combining is applied across multiple UAV-eavesdroppers for intercepting the legitimate transmissions from both the selected UAV-transmitter and UAV-relay. The backhaul reliability and eavesdropping probability are introduced to reflect the practical constraints on the G2A wireless backhaul and UAV-eavesdropper cooperation, respectively. The closed-form expression for the secrecy outage probability is derived in terms of the UAV cooperation, backhaul reliability, eavesdropping probability, and Nakagami-m fading parameters. In the high signal-to-noise ratio region, the asymptotic secrecy outage probability is also derived. It is shown that the secrecy diversity gain achieved by opportunistic relaying is jointly determined by the UAV cooperation and shape factors of Nakagami-m fading links in the primary channel. The analytical secrecy outage metrics achieved by opportunistic relaying are verified by Monte Carlo simulation results.