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Comparison of Quantum WiFi MAC and CSMA/CA protocols

Roaa Jasim Algayyim, Sándor Imre

Published Jan 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Resource access represents one of the fundamental challenges in distributed systems, as multiple nodes often compete for limited communication opportunities. For example, WiFi users sharing a common radio channel typically achieve only moderate efficiency. Classical random-access protocols such as Slotted ALOHA and contention-based schemes such as Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA), rely on probabilistic transmission attempts and backoff mechanisms. As a result, both approaches still suffer from collisions, idle periods, and reduced throughput under increasing contention. To address these limitations, this paper simulates a quantum entanglement–based medium access mechanism to demonstrate how shared entanglement can enhance efficiency in distributed resource access. We present a general model involving multiple nodes with adjustable transmission priorities, achieving high efficiency while completely eliminating resource collisions. A comparative evaluation is conducted between Slotted ALOHA, CSMA/CA, and the entanglement-based approach. The results show that the proposed quantum MAC achieves significantly higher throughput and zero collisions compared to classical protocols. Furthermore, the required entangled states can be established in a distributed manner, highlighting the practical feasibility of the proposed solution.

DOI
10.3311/wins2026-005

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Resource access represents one of the fundamental challenges in distributed systems, as multiple nodes often compete for limited communication opportunities. For example, WiFi users sharing a common radio channel typically achieve only moderate efficiency. Classical random-access protocols such as Slotted ALOHA and contention-based schemes such as Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA), rely on probabilistic transmission attempts and backoff mechanisms. As a result, both approaches still suffer from collisions, idle periods, and reduced throughput under increasing contention. To address these limitations, this paper simulates a quantum entanglement–based medium access mechanism to demonstrate how shared entanglement can enhance efficiency in distributed resource access. We present a general model involving multiple nodes with adjustable transmission priorities, achieving high efficiency while completely eliminating resource collisions. A comparative evaluation is conducted between Slotted ALOHA, CSMA/CA, and the entanglement-based approach. The results show that the proposed quantum MAC achieves significantly higher throughput and zero collisions compared to classical protocols. Furthermore, the required entangled states can be established in a distributed manner, highlighting the practical feasibility of the proposed solution.
Resource access is a fundamental challenge in distributed systems where multiple uncoordinated nodes contend for a limited medium. Classical random-access protocols, such as Slotted-ALOHA, achieve modest efficiency because of frequent collisions and retransmissions. An entanglement-based procedure for collision-free slot allocation is investigated in this paper. The performance is evaluated through simulation under ideal classical and quantum channels. A system of N competing nodes is modeled, and three operations are implemented: JOIN, LEAVE, and TRANSFER. These operations rebalance amplitude probabilities and reflect node priorities while preserving normalization. The entanglementbased approach compares the obtained throughput and collision metrics with those of Slotted-ALOHA. It is shown through simulation results that higher throughput is achieved and collisions are completely eliminated across all testedNNNand iteration settings. According to the theoretical model presented in [9], this study is focused on developing a practical simulation framework and exploring priority-aware scenarios. The results demonstrate the feasibility of distributed entanglement establishment and provide a practical interpretation of JOIN, LEAVE, and TRANSFER operations under normalized probability constraints.
This article proposes a potential application of quantum key distribution in multiuser networks. In modern networks, variety of multiple access technologies are used for multiuser access purposes. In this article, we focus on a type of widely used media access control protocol—carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA) and analyze the use of carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) for the quantum key distribution in the network. The quantum key generation is based on a successful experiment that implemented the quantum key distribution by using the decoy-state method. The secret key generation rate as the main indicator of the performance is given, including the relationship between it and the number of stations in the network, and the relationship between the key generation rate and the transmission distance under the multiple access condition as well. In addition, a multiple access quantum key distribution with channel detection protocol is also proposed.
Accessing scarce resources in distributed systems where entities are not centrally coordinated, whether roebucks are fighting for a doe or WiFi users are competing for a common radio channel, is associated with moderate efficiency and proves to be a challenging problem. In this study, we present our hypothesis on shared entanglement and how such a process can improve resource access in macroscopically distributed systems. Furthermore, the required entangled states can be established in a distributed manner.
Quantum mechanics has been around since the early 1900s and computers made their first appearance in the late 1930s. In the decades after that, the two came together to bring about quantum computing. A sub field of quantum computing is quantum communications, the ability to transmit a quantum state from one place to another. This communication takes place between two entities. Communication over a classic network involves many entities each vying for network time. This is done through various network protocols, one of them being Medium Access Control (MAC). Although quantum computing is currently a one-to-one medium, it's properties can be used to assist the MAC protocol to enhance it's current abilities. In this thesis, we propose two different quantum communication assisted MAC protocols to achieve shared communication over a classic network. These protocols are based on quantum entanglement principles and contention-free collision avoidance algorithms.
By using the order rearrangement of the single photon sequence and unitary transformations, a multiparty controlled quantum communication scheme for Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection(CSMA/CD) is presented.In this scheme, messages can only be recovered by the receivers with the permission of all controllers.It is shown that the security of messages transformation can be ensured and the performance of the proposed scheme enhances significantly since the collision can be avoided. In the communication network, transmitting messages from source to destination may traverse several intermediate nodes. For a long period of time, multiple authentications and secure communications between the sender and the receiver are needed for us to transmit messages. In the classical field, authentication provides only conditional security and classical channel cannot provide secure communication for liar detection.In the quantum field, multiple quantum entanglement pairs can be used for liar detection, In this paper, we design quantum authentication protocol and secure communication protocol by only using quantum channel. these protocols previously share a quantum key distribution to detect the dishonest node. The quantum Key distribution can promote authentication and secure communication for achieving higher liar detection probability. Index Terms—single photon sequence, CSMA/CD, multiparty control, quantum communication 1.
This paper proposes a possible application of quantum key distribution in multi-user network. In modern networks, variety of multiple access technologies are being used for multi-user access purposes. In this paper, we focus on a type of widely used MAC (Media Access Control) protocol-CSMA/CA, and analyse its use for the quantum key distribution in the network. This work is based on a successful experiment that implemented the quantum key distribution over 200 km by using the decoy-state method. The secret key generation rate as the main indicator of the performance is given, including the relationship between it and the number of stations in the network, and the relationship between the key generation rate and the transmission distance under the multiple access condition as well.