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Quantum Communication Assisted MAC Protocol

Steve R. Cloutier

Published Jan 1, 2015• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum mechanics has been around since the early 1900s and computers made their first appearance in the late 1930s. In the decades after that, the two came together to bring about quantum computing. A sub field of quantum computing is quantum communications, the ability to transmit a quantum state from one place to another. This communication takes place between two entities. Communication over a classic network involves many entities each vying for network time. This is done through various network protocols, one of them being Medium Access Control (MAC). Although quantum computing is currently a one-to-one medium, it's properties can be used to assist the MAC protocol to enhance it's current abilities. In this thesis, we propose two different quantum communication assisted MAC protocols to achieve shared communication over a classic network. These protocols are based on quantum entanglement principles and contention-free collision avoidance algorithms.

DOI
10.22215/etd/2015-10970

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Quantum mechanics has been around since the early 1900s and computers made their first appearance in the late 1930s. In the decades after that, the two came together to bring about quantum computing. A sub field of quantum computing is quantum communications, the ability to transmit a quantum state from one place to another. This communication takes place between two entities. Communication over a classic network involves many entities each vying for network time. This is done through various network protocols, one of them being Medium Access Control (MAC). Although quantum computing is currently a one-to-one medium, it's properties can be used to assist the MAC protocol to enhance it's current abilities. In this thesis, we propose two different quantum communication assisted MAC protocols to achieve shared communication over a classic network. These protocols are based on quantum entanglement principles and contention-free collision avoidance algorithms.
In this work, a novel medium access control method for classical and quantum communications purposes is proposed. Quantum communications promise secure ways to send valuable information, therefore quantum-device network and quantum medium access control methods which avoids information loss will be necessary. On the other hand, excessive colliding transmissions in congested situations are a problem for classical wireless communications. Quantum parallelism and quantum multipartite entanglement are exploited to design a MAC sub layer which provides the devices a fair and efficient access to the channel.
Moore¿s Law dictates that during the forthcoming decades, new communications and computing technologies that exploit quantum mechanics will become generally available. To assist Communications Society members with this transition, we provide a pragmatic description of quantum communications theory that introduces the quantum mechanical properties of polarization and entanglement, which do not have analogs in classical communications theory. We show plausible examples of how these quantum properties may be exploited to create noisefree channels and to improve channel utilization for distributed MAC protocols. Finally, we describe how entanglement is used to enhance security and improve key distribution efficiency in symmetric-key cryptography systems used by operational quantum cryptographic networks.
Medium access control (MAC) is an important part of wireless telecommunication systems. The main goal of a MAC protocol is to provide the best usage of the common resources for the users. One of these resources is typically the communication channel. By quantum informatics and computation - that gain more and more attention - some calculations and algorithms may become more efficient. The possible implementation of a quantum based system would lead us to great benefits, by applying it to an already existing problem. We give a model for medium access control via quantum methods
A medium access control protocol based on quantum entanglement has been introduced by Berces and Imre (2006) and Van Meter (2012). This protocol entirely avoids collisions. It is assumed that the network consists of one access point and two client stations. We extend this scheme to a network with an arbitrary number of client stations. We propose three approaches, namely, the qubit distribution, transmit first election and temporal ordering protocols. The qubit distribution protocol leverages the concepts of Bell-EPR pair or W state triad. It works for networks of up to four CSs. With up to three CSs, there is no probability of collision. In a four-CS network, there is a low probability of collision. The transmit first election protocol and temporal ordering protocols work for a network with any number of CSs. The transmit first election builds upon the concept of W state of size corresponding to the number of client stations. It is fair and collision free. The temporal ordering protocol employs the concepts of Lehmer code and quantum oracle. It is collision free, has a normalized throughput of 100% and achieves quasi-fairness.
With the recent advancements and developments in quantum technologies, the emerging field of quantum communication and networking has gained the attention of the researchers. Owing to the unique properties of quantum mechanics, viz., quantum superposition and entanglement, this new area of quantum communication has shown potential to replace modernday communication technologies. The enhanced security and high information sharing ability using principles of quantum mechanics has encouraged networking engineers and physicists to develop this technology for next generation wireless systems. However, a conceptual bridge between the fundamentals of quantum mechanics, photonics and the deployability of a quantum communication infrastructure is not well founded in the current literature. This paper aims to fill this gap by merging the theoretical concepts from quantum physics to the engineering and computing perspectives of quantum technology. This paper builds the fundamental concepts required for understanding quantum communication, reviews the key concepts and demonstrates how these concepts can be leveraged for accomplishing successful communication. The paper delves into implementation advancements for executing quantum communication protocols, explaining how hardware implementation enables the achievement of all basic quantum computing operations. Finally, the paper provides a comprehensive and critical review of the state-of-the-art advancements in the field of quantum communication and quantum internet; and points out the recent trends, challenges and open problems for the real-world realization of next generation networking systems.
Medium access control (MAC) and efficient spectrum allocation function particularly, are real challenges that wireless communications are facing nowadays and Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA), enhanced with quantum computation techniques, is the most promising alternative. In such a context, we capitalize quantum games and quantum decisions strengths to design protocols that make classic communications more efficient. That is, we focus on protocols running on quantum devices whose input and output signals are classic. In this work we propose a quantum media access control (QMAC) that allows dynamic and fair spectrum allocation. Particularly, we point to two of the main DSA functions, which are Spectrum Sharing and Spectrum Allocation.