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International Journal of Quantum Information

Quantum secret sharing using only order rearrangements to generate sub-secrets

Gan Gao

Published May 26, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

By using order rearrangements to generate sub-secrets, we propose a novel multi-party quantum secret sharing protocol based on single photons. Obviously, the method to form sub-secrets is special and interesting here. We analyze the security of the proposed protocol, and detect that it can resist the general attacks: the intercept-resend attack, the entangle-measure attack and Trojan horse attack. We calculate the efficiency of the proposed protocol, and show that it is higher than those of some quantum secret sharing protocols.

DOI
10.1142/s0219749926500164

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By using order rearrangements to generate sub-secrets, we propose a novel multi-party quantum secret sharing protocol based on single photons. Obviously, the method to form sub-secrets is special and interesting here. We analyze the security of the proposed protocol, and detect that it can resist the general attacks: the intercept-resend attack, the entangle-measure attack and Trojan horse attack. We calculate the efficiency of the proposed protocol, and show that it is higher than those of some quantum secret sharing protocols.
Most semi-quantum secret sharing protocols are suitable for the application with three participants. Based on the n-level states, a multiparty semi-quantum secret sharing protocol is proposed. Compared with similar protocols, it has the merits as follows. (1) The dealer only needs to prepare the single photon sequence without using any product state or entangle state. (2) To share a secret, the classical parties need not have the ability of measurement. They only need to reorder the photon sequence and send it to the receiver. (3) The dealer knows nothing about any agent’s secret shadow. Therefore, it is infeasible for the dealer to impersonate the classical participant to pool the secret shadow during the secret recovering phase. (4) Theoretically, the qubit efficiency of the proposed protocol is asymptotically 100%. The protocol is secure against famous attacks such as intercept-resend attack, measurement-resend attack and entangle-measure attack.
Multi-party quantum secret sharing scheme with high efficient based on entanglement states is proposed and analyzed. A three-party which is presented shares a sequence of joint key bits. In this scheme, a general proof of the security against eavesdropping for three-party quantum secret sharing based on entanglement swapping is provided. The scheme which is showed is secure against a dishonest participant's intercept-and-resend attack and eavesdropper's entangle auxiliary-particles attack. In case of eavesdropping attacks with full information again, the detection bit needs to be transmitted except those for detection, the total efficiency of the scheme approaches to 100%. The protocol can be generalized to N-party system by using N-partite entanglement states.
To improve the efficiency and security of quantum secret sharing,with the help of Grover’s algorithm,a quantum secret sharing scheme based on polarized single photons is proposed.Efficiency analysis indicates that all qubits can be used in the secret sharing and its theoretical efficiency achieves to 100%.In the security proving,with Grover’s operator and quantum entanglement,the protocol can resist the middleman attack effectively.And by using auxiliary qubit,the protocol can detect the Trojan horse attack with high probability.The extension of Grover’s operator shows the scheme which contains pairs is feasible and applicable.Finally,a view concerning the future work in quantum secret sharing is represented.
In this paper, we propose an efficient multi-party quantum secret sharing scheme based on GHZ entangled state. The participants in this scheme are divided into two groups, and share secrets as a group. There is no need to exchange any measurement information between the two groups, reducing the security problems caused by the communication process. Each participant holds one particle from each GHZ state; it can be found that the particles of each GHZ state are related after measuring them, and the eavesdropping detection can detect external attacks based on this characteristic. Furthermore, since the participants within the two groups encode the measured particles, they can recover the same secrets. Security analysis shows that the protocol can resist the intercept-and-resend attack and entanglement measurement attack, and the simulation results show that the probability of an external attacker being detected is proportional to the amount of information he can obtain. Compared with the existing protocols, this proposed protocol is more secure, has less quantum resources and is more practical.
This study proposes a multiparty single-photon semi-quantum secret sharing (SQSS) protocol to simultaneously improve quantum bit (qubit) efficiency and practical feasibility. Existing quantum secret sharing protocols typically assume that all participants possess full quantum capabilities, which limits their deployment in real-world environments. To address this issue, the proposed protocol was designed using a semi-quantum model, allowing N agents with limited quantum capabilities to participate in the secret-sharing process. In terms of efficiency, the proposed protocol employs single photons as quantum resources and is analyzed under a unified definition of qubit efficiency. The results show that the qubit efficiency of the proposed protocol reaches 12N\frac{1}{2N}2N1​ , which is comparable to the best recent quantum secret sharing protocols and outperforms most existing SQSS methods. Unlike certain protocols in which qubit efficiency decreases exponentially with the number of participants, the quantum resource consumption of the proposed protocol increases linearly with the number of agents. Consequently, its qubit efficiency decreases proportionally to 1N\frac{1}{N}N1​ , rather than exponentially, providing better scalability as the number of agents increases. In terms of security, the protocol is analyzed against several attack models, including intercept-resend, entangle-and-measure, collective, and collusion attacks. The analysis shows that an adversary cannot obtain useful information without detection under these attacks, demonstrating the robustness of the proposed protocol.
With the help of quantum computation operator,a quantum secret sharing scheme based on polarized single photons is proposed.Efficiency analysis indicates that all qubits can be used in the secret sharing.With the permutation operator and quantum entanglement,the protocol can resist the middleman attack effectively.By using the auxiliary qubit,the protocol can detect the Trojan horse attack with high probability.The extension of the permutation operator shows the scheme which contains n pairs is feasible and applicable.