ABSTRACT Dynamic quantum networks often suffer from high resource consumption, complex implementation, and limited adaptability. To address these issues, this paper proposes two adaptive multi‐party quantum key agreement (MQKA) protocols based on entanglement swapping using three‐ and four‐particle GHZ‐like states. The protocols do not require pre‐shared keys or extra quantum operations. Participants exchange only one quantum sequence and perform Z ‐basis and Bell measurements to establish a shared key. The proposed schemes support dynamic network topologies, where participants can join or leave the network while maintaining forward security. Compared with existing MQKA protocols, they reduce quantum resource usage, communication rounds, and channel overhead. At the same time, they ensure fair key contribution and resistance to collusion and external attacks. The feasibility of these protocols is validated via experiments conducted on Qiskit and real IBM quantum hardware.
ABSTRACT Dynamic quantum networks often suffer from high resource consumption, complex implementation, and limited adaptability. To address these issues, this paper proposes two adaptive multi‐party quantum key agreement (MQKA) protocols based on entanglement swapping using three‐ and four‐particle GHZ‐like states. The protocols do not require pre‐shared keys or extra quantum operations. Participants exchange only one quantum sequence and perform Z ‐basis and Bell measurements to establish a shared key. The proposed schemes support dynamic network topologies, where participants can join or leave the network while maintaining forward security. Compared with existing MQKA protocols, they reduce quantum resource usage, communication rounds, and channel overhead. At the same time, they ensure fair key contribution and resistance to collusion and external attacks. The feasibility of these protocols is validated via experiments conducted on Qiskit and real IBM quantum hardware.
In this study, we propose a single-state multi-party quantum key agreement (MQKA) protocol with single-particle measurement. Firstly, a single-state three-party quantum key agreement protocol with single-particle measurement is introduced, followed by a security analysis that validated its capability to resist potential internal and external attacks. Furthermore, we utilize multi-particle entangled states to present a multi-party version of the single-state multi-party quantum key agreement with single-particle measurement. In comparison to previous MQKA protocols, our approach presents the following advantages: it employs one kind of multi-particle entangled state as the quantum resource; eliminates the need for entanglement swapping techniques, unitary operations, or pre-shared keys between participants; uses only the X measurement basis and Z measurement basis; transmits fewer qubits; consumes fewer qubits; and has higher qubit efficiency.
Although there are many quantum key agreement protocols currently in existence, they cannot be merged in terms of resource utilisation, efficiency, security, and other aspects, and there are also significant differences in the nature of two and more parties. Therefore, it is necessary to design a quantum key agreement protocol that can balance efficiency and security and is suitable for multiple participants. In view of this, this paper proposes a multi-party quantum key agreement protocol based on a new coding mode of bell state: temporary session keys are negotiated between adjacent participants, and then shared keys for all participants are negotiated through the exchange, conversion, and computation of quantum resources. During the implementation of the protocol, not only can the identity of the participants be authenticated, but also the quantum resources used are single, and the quantum operations performed are simple. Moreover, efficiency is fixed and does not decrease due to the increase of participants or quantum resources. In addition, the protocol also allows participants to dynamically join and leave. In terms of security, the protocol can resist most common quantum attacks. Under the existing quantum technology, this protocol is completely feasible.
Although there are many quantum key agreement protocols currently in existence, they cannot be merged in terms of resource utilisation, efficiency, security, and other aspects, and there are also significant differences in the nature of two and more parties. Therefore, it is necessary to design a quantum key agreement protocol that can balance efficiency and security and is suitable for multiple participants. In view of this, this paper proposes a multi-party quantum key agreement protocol based on a new coding mode of bell state: temporary session keys are negotiated between adjacent participants, and then shared keys for all participants are negotiated through the exchange, conversion, and computation of quantum resources. During the implementation of the protocol, not only can the identity of the participants be authenticated, but also the quantum resources used are single, and the quantum operations performed are simple. Moreover, efficiency is fixed and does not decrease due to the increase of participants or quantum resources. In addition, the protocol also allows participants to dynamically join and leave. In terms of security, the protocol can resist most common quantum attacks. Under the existing quantum technology, this protocol is completely feasible.
Abstract Multi-particle entanglement is an important physical resource in quantum information processing, and the larger the number of particles in the entangled states, the more quantum superiority it can show in quantum communication and quantum computing. This paper proposes two quantum key agreement protocols using Ω states and six-particle entangled states. Both protocols ensure that two participants can fairly establish a final key through the measurement correlation for multi-particle entangled states. Since the protocols only use Bell measurements and Z-basis measurements, they are more easily achieved using current technology. From the perspective of security analysis, the protocols can resist participant attacks and external attacks. Finally, compared with some exising quantum key agreement protocols, our protocols can achieve higher qubit efficiency.
Abstract:In order to solve the problem that the multi-particle joint measurements are difficult to implement with the existing technology in the quantum key agreement protocols based on multi-particle entangled states , a new two-party quantum key agreement protocol was proposed based on three-particle GHZ states. Two participants in the protocol could fairly establish a shared secret key by using the measurement correlation property of three-particle GHZ states and the delayed measurement technique. Since the new protocol only used Bell measurements and single particle measurements, it was easy to achieve on the basis of the existing technology. The security analysis showed that the protocol could not only resist against participant attacks and outsider attacks, but also resist against two kinds of Trojan horse attacks. The protocol was secure not only in the noise-free quantum channel but also in the quantum noise channel. Finally, the comparison with the existed secure two-party protocols showed that the protocol also achieved higher qubit efficiency.
In this paper, we propose a two-party and a three-party controlled quantum key agreement (QKA) protocols with three-qubit GHZ states and Bell measurements. Compared with previous protocols, the significant change of our schemes is that a supervisor is introduced for controlling the agreement process to improve the controllability. Moreover, our protocols ensure each communication participant contribute equally to the agreement keys, and all participants can negotiate the shared keys without exchanging classical bits between them. The performance analysis shows that our protocols can be immune to outsider and participant attack.