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Quantum key agreement protocols based on multi-particle entangled states

Ji-hong Guo, Jia-Xin Xie, Ming-Qiang Bai, Zhiwen Mo

Published Apr 20, 2022• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Multi-particle entanglement is an important physical resource in quantum information processing, and the larger the number of particles in the entangled states, the more quantum superiority it can show in quantum communication and quantum computing. This paper proposes two quantum key agreement protocols using Ω states and six-particle entangled states. Both protocols ensure that two participants can fairly establish a final key through the measurement correlation for multi-particle entangled states. Since the protocols only use Bell measurements and Z-basis measurements, they are more easily achieved using current technology. From the perspective of security analysis, the protocols can resist participant attacks and external attacks. Finally, compared with some exising quantum key agreement protocols, our protocols can achieve higher qubit efficiency.

DOI
10.21203/rs.3.rs-1404068/v1

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Abstract Multi-particle entanglement is an important physical resource in quantum information processing, and the larger the number of particles in the entangled states, the more quantum superiority it can show in quantum communication and quantum computing. This paper proposes two quantum key agreement protocols using Ω states and six-particle entangled states. Both protocols ensure that two participants can fairly establish a final key through the measurement correlation for multi-particle entangled states. Since the protocols only use Bell measurements and Z-basis measurements, they are more easily achieved using current technology. From the perspective of security analysis, the protocols can resist participant attacks and external attacks. Finally, compared with some exising quantum key agreement protocols, our protocols can achieve higher qubit efficiency.
Abstract:In order to solve the problem that the multi-particle joint measurements are difficult to implement with the existing technology in the quantum key agreement protocols based on multi-particle entangled states , a new two-party quantum key agreement protocol was proposed based on three-particle GHZ states. Two participants in the protocol could fairly establish a shared secret key by using the measurement correlation property of three-particle GHZ states and the delayed measurement technique. Since the new protocol only used Bell measurements and single particle measurements, it was easy to achieve on the basis of the existing technology. The security analysis showed that the protocol could not only resist against participant attacks and outsider attacks, but also resist against two kinds of Trojan horse attacks. The protocol was secure not only in the noise-free quantum channel but also in the quantum noise channel. Finally, the comparison with the existed secure two-party protocols showed that the protocol also achieved higher qubit efficiency.
In this study, we propose a single-state multi-party quantum key agreement (MQKA) protocol with single-particle measurement. Firstly, a single-state three-party quantum key agreement protocol with single-particle measurement is introduced, followed by a security analysis that validated its capability to resist potential internal and external attacks. Furthermore, we utilize multi-particle entangled states to present a multi-party version of the single-state multi-party quantum key agreement with single-particle measurement. In comparison to previous MQKA protocols, our approach presents the following advantages: it employs one kind of multi-particle entangled state as the quantum resource; eliminates the need for entanglement swapping techniques, unitary operations, or pre-shared keys between participants; uses only the X measurement basis and Z measurement basis; transmits fewer qubits; consumes fewer qubits; and has higher qubit efficiency.
In order to make the quantum key agreement process immune to participant attacks, it is necessary to introduce the authentication in the communication process. A quantum key agreement protocol with identity authentication that exploits the measurement correlation of six-particle entangled states is proposed. In contrast to some recently proposed quantum key agreement protocols with authentication, this protocol requires neither a semi-trusted third party nor additional private keys in the authentication process. The entire process of authentication and key agreement can be achieved using only n six-particle entangled states, which saves communication costs and reduces the complexity of the authentication process. Finally, security analysis shows that this scheme is resistant to some important attacks.
Based on four-particle entangled states and the delayed measurement technique, a two-party quantum key agreement protocol is proposed in this paper. In the protocol, two participants can deduce the measurement results of each other’s initial quantum states in terms of the measurement correlation property of four-particle entangled states. According to the corresponding initial quantum states deduced by themselves, two parties can extract the secret keys of each other by using the publicly announced value or by performing the delayed measurement, respectively. This guarantees the fair establishment of a shared key. Since each particle in quantum channel is transmitted only once, the protocol is congenitally free from the Trojan horse attacks. The security analysis shows that the protocol not only can resist against both participant and outsider attacks but also has no information leakage problem. Moreover, it has high qubit efficiency.
Abstract The semi-quantum key agreement (SQKA) is a combination of the ‘semi-quantum’ concept in the quantum key agreement (QKA), which aims to reduce the requirements on the quantum ability of the participants while maintaining the security of the key agreement. In this paper, two novel two-party SQKA protocols based on seven-particle entangled states and delegated quantum centers in the collective noise channels are proposed. In the two SQKA protocols, only the quantum center possesses full quantum capabilities, while other participants have only partial quantum abilities. The classical party, on the other hand, only needs to perform Z-basis measurement on the classical basis. Due to the properties of entangled states, the two SQKA protocols can resist internal and external attacks. Furthermore, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the security of the proposed protocols, illustrating their resilience against various forms of attacks such as eavesdropping, intercept-resend attacks, and entangle-measure attacks. The results indicate that both protocols perform well in collective noise channels while maintaining high security even under noisy conditions. Moreover, eavesdropping simulation can detect whether there is eavesdropping behavior in the communication process. Finally, a comparison with existing protocols shows that the two proposed protocols exhibit higher qubit efficiency.
As a burgeoning branch of quantum cryptography, quantum key agreement is a kind of key establishing processes where the security and fairness of the established common key should be guaranteed simultaneously. However, the difficulty on designing a qualified quantum key agreement protocol increases significantly with the increase of the number of the involved participants. Thus far, only few of the existing multiparty quantum key agreement (MQKA) protocols can really achieve security and fairness. Nevertheless, these qualified MQKA protocols are either too inefficient or too impractical. In this paper, an MQKA protocol is proposed with single photons in travelling mode. Since only one eavesdropping detection is needed in the proposed protocol, the qubit efficiency and measurement efficiency of it are higher than those of the existing ones in theory. Compared with the protocols which make use of the entangled states or multi-particle measurements, the proposed protocol is more feasible with the current technologies. Security and fairness analysis shows that the proposed protocol is not only immune to the attacks from external eavesdroppers, but also free from the attacks from internal betrayers.