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Modern Physics Letters B

Controlled quantum key agreement based on maximally three-qubit entangled states

Jie Tang, Lei Shi, Jiahua Wei

Published May 26, 2020• 19 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a two-party and a three-party controlled quantum key agreement (QKA) protocols with three-qubit GHZ states and Bell measurements. Compared with previous protocols, the significant change of our schemes is that a supervisor is introduced for controlling the agreement process to improve the controllability. Moreover, our protocols ensure each communication participant contribute equally to the agreement keys, and all participants can negotiate the shared keys without exchanging classical bits between them. The performance analysis shows that our protocols can be immune to outsider and participant attack.

DOI
10.1142/s0217984920502012

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In this paper, we propose a two-party and a three-party controlled quantum key agreement (QKA) protocols with three-qubit GHZ states and Bell measurements. Compared with previous protocols, the significant change of our schemes is that a supervisor is introduced for controlling the agreement process to improve the controllability. Moreover, our protocols ensure each communication participant contribute equally to the agreement keys, and all participants can negotiate the shared keys without exchanging classical bits between them. The performance analysis shows that our protocols can be immune to outsider and participant attack.
In this paper, a semi-quantum key agreement (SQKA) protocol based on the three-particle maximally entangled GHZ state is proposed. In this SQKA protocol, the classical parties Alice and Bob can only operate the qubits with classical basis, while the quantum party Charlie has full manipulation on qubits. By introducing semi-quantum approach, the requirement for device is reduced. Moreover, each of parties has equal contribution to key formation. The protocol can effectively resist outsider attacks even participant attacks. Through the efficiency analysis, our protocol has a higher qubit efficiency than the previous semi-quantum key agreement.
Quantum key agreement (QKA) can generate a shared secret key which is equally negotiated by all the participants in the protocol. In most of the QKA protocols, all the participants require quantum capabilities. But the quantum devices are too expensive for participants. This paper proposes a mutual semi-quantum key agreement protocol which allows two parties (Alice and Bob) to negotiate a shared secret key equally. In the protocol, Alice can perform any quantum operation, but Bob is a classical participant which can only perform reflection, measurement and reorder operation. Even though Bob has fewer quantum resources, Alice and Bob have an equal contribution to the shared final key, no one can determine the shared key alone. In addition, we demonstrate the security of the proposed protocol. The analysis results show that the proposed protocol not only resists against some common attacks but also assures the fairness property. It is significant for communication participant without enough quantum devices to achieve quantum communication. The proposed protocol can be implemented with present quantum technologies.
Abstract:In order to solve the problem that the multi-particle joint measurements are difficult to implement with the existing technology in the quantum key agreement protocols based on multi-particle entangled states , a new two-party quantum key agreement protocol was proposed based on three-particle GHZ states. Two participants in the protocol could fairly establish a shared secret key by using the measurement correlation property of three-particle GHZ states and the delayed measurement technique. Since the new protocol only used Bell measurements and single particle measurements, it was easy to achieve on the basis of the existing technology. The security analysis showed that the protocol could not only resist against participant attacks and outsider attacks, but also resist against two kinds of Trojan horse attacks. The protocol was secure not only in the noise-free quantum channel but also in the quantum noise channel. Finally, the comparison with the existed secure two-party protocols showed that the protocol also achieved higher qubit efficiency.
In this paper, we propose one new quantum key agreement (QKA) protocol using non-maximally entangled Bell states with positive operator-valued measurement (POVM). It is designed for multi-party QKA by non-maximally entangled Bell states with POVM. Since Bell states and single particle can be obtained by various physical systems, thus, our protocol is feasible based on the current technology. It is secure against the outsider and participant attack. Further, it is shown that the shared key is decided by all participants. Therefore, it could guarantee the security and fairness.
Based on four-particle GHZ states, the double CNOT operation and the delayed measurement technique, a two-party quantum key agreement (QKA) protocols is proposed. The double CNOT operation makes each four-particle GHZ state collapse into two independent quantum states without any entanglement. Furthermore, one party can directly know the two quantum states and the other party can be aware of the two quantum states by using the corresponding measurement. According to the initial states of the two quantum states, two parties can extract the secret keys of each other by using the publicly announced value or by performing the delayed measurement, respectively. Then the protocol achieves the fair establishment of a shared key. The security analysis shows that the new protocol can resist against participant attacks, the Trojan horse attacks and other outsider attacks. Furthermore, the new protocol also has no information leakage problem and has high qubit efficiency.