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International Conference on Communication and Information Processing (ICCIP)

Semi-quantum key agreement based on maximally three-qubit entangled states

Han Guo, Yunxia Li, Jiahua Wei, Jie Tang

Published Dec 16, 2021• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, a semi-quantum key agreement (SQKA) protocol based on the three-particle maximally entangled GHZ state is proposed. In this SQKA protocol, the classical parties Alice and Bob can only operate the qubits with classical basis, while the quantum party Charlie has full manipulation on qubits. By introducing semi-quantum approach, the requirement for device is reduced. Moreover, each of parties has equal contribution to key formation. The protocol can effectively resist outsider attacks even participant attacks. Through the efficiency analysis, our protocol has a higher qubit efficiency than the previous semi-quantum key agreement.

DOI
10.1145/3507971.3507994

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•Jan 1, 2016•0 citations
In this paper, a semi-quantum key agreement (SQKA) protocol based on the three-particle maximally entangled GHZ state is proposed. In this SQKA protocol, the classical parties Alice and Bob can only operate the qubits with classical basis, while the quantum party Charlie has full manipulation on qubits. By introducing semi-quantum approach, the requirement for device is reduced. Moreover, each of parties has equal contribution to key formation. The protocol can effectively resist outsider attacks even participant attacks. Through the efficiency analysis, our protocol has a higher qubit efficiency than the previous semi-quantum key agreement.
In this paper, we propose a two-party and a three-party controlled quantum key agreement (QKA) protocols with three-qubit GHZ states and Bell measurements. Compared with previous protocols, the significant change of our schemes is that a supervisor is introduced for controlling the agreement process to improve the controllability. Moreover, our protocols ensure each communication participant contribute equally to the agreement keys, and all participants can negotiate the shared keys without exchanging classical bits between them. The performance analysis shows that our protocols can be immune to outsider and participant attack.
Abstract The semi-quantum key agreement (SQKA) is a combination of the ‘semi-quantum’ concept in the quantum key agreement (QKA), which aims to reduce the requirements on the quantum ability of the participants while maintaining the security of the key agreement. In this paper, two novel two-party SQKA protocols based on seven-particle entangled states and delegated quantum centers in the collective noise channels are proposed. In the two SQKA protocols, only the quantum center possesses full quantum capabilities, while other participants have only partial quantum abilities. The classical party, on the other hand, only needs to perform Z-basis measurement on the classical basis. Due to the properties of entangled states, the two SQKA protocols can resist internal and external attacks. Furthermore, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the security of the proposed protocols, illustrating their resilience against various forms of attacks such as eavesdropping, intercept-resend attacks, and entangle-measure attacks. The results indicate that both protocols perform well in collective noise channels while maintaining high security even under noisy conditions. Moreover, eavesdropping simulation can detect whether there is eavesdropping behavior in the communication process. Finally, a comparison with existing protocols shows that the two proposed protocols exhibit higher qubit efficiency.
Abstract The semi-quantum key agreement (SQKA) protocol enables classical participants to complete key agreement with limited quantum capabilities. The previous semi-quantum key agreement protocols required the classical party to have the ability to measure qubits, and share a key before the protocol began. This paper proposes a SQKA protocol that allows semi-quantum participants to use single photons for key negotiation with the help of a semi-honest third party (TP). Unlike previous approaches, this protocol further reduces the quantum capability requirements for participants and eliminates the need for prior key sharing. Furthermore, through security analysis and multi-party expansion, the protocol can resist external attacks such as the intercept-resend attack, measure-resend attack, entangle-measure attack. Additionally, it can be applied to scenarios involving different numbers of participants.
Abstract In this paper, we study the properties of a set of quantum states. Based on these properties, we propose a multiparty semi-quantum key agreement (MSQKA) protocol. For the sake of clarity, we provide a three-party example to illustrate the protocol. Through rigorous security analysis, it is demonstrated that the proposed protocol can resist both inside attacks and outside attacks, which include Trojan horse attacks, measure-resend attacks, entangle-measure attacks and collective attacks. Besides, the proposed protocol achieves fairness among participants. Finally, we compare our protocol with other SQKA protocols. Compared to previous three-party and MSQKA protocols, our proposed protocol involves more classical parties, needs no external assistance and achieves relatively high key generation efficiency.
Quantum key agreement (QKA) can generate a shared secret key which is equally negotiated by all the participants in the protocol. In most of the QKA protocols, all the participants require quantum capabilities. But the quantum devices are too expensive for participants. This paper proposes a mutual semi-quantum key agreement protocol which allows two parties (Alice and Bob) to negotiate a shared secret key equally. In the protocol, Alice can perform any quantum operation, but Bob is a classical participant which can only perform reflection, measurement and reorder operation. Even though Bob has fewer quantum resources, Alice and Bob have an equal contribution to the shared final key, no one can determine the shared key alone. In addition, we demonstrate the security of the proposed protocol. The analysis results show that the proposed protocol not only resists against some common attacks but also assures the fairness property. It is significant for communication participant without enough quantum devices to achieve quantum communication. The proposed protocol can be implemented with present quantum technologies.
Abstract:In order to solve the problem that the multi-particle joint measurements are difficult to implement with the existing technology in the quantum key agreement protocols based on multi-particle entangled states , a new two-party quantum key agreement protocol was proposed based on three-particle GHZ states. Two participants in the protocol could fairly establish a shared secret key by using the measurement correlation property of three-particle GHZ states and the delayed measurement technique. Since the new protocol only used Bell measurements and single particle measurements, it was easy to achieve on the basis of the existing technology. The security analysis showed that the protocol could not only resist against participant attacks and outsider attacks, but also resist against two kinds of Trojan horse attacks. The protocol was secure not only in the noise-free quantum channel but also in the quantum noise channel. Finally, the comparison with the existed secure two-party protocols showed that the protocol also achieved higher qubit efficiency.