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There Are Two Waves, Not One: A KuiQuark Sea Picture of Double-Slit Interference

Lingguang Xu

Published May 4, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The double-slit experiment is usually interpreted as proof of wave-particle duality. In this note we propose an alternative picture based on the XLG cosmology. Light is not a stream of point-like particles nor a continuous classical wave. It is a train of bubbles — coherent, extended structures that move in a queue. Each bubble executes an S-shaped internal vibration (the first wave), while the spacing between bubbles defines a second, macroscopic wave (the queue rhythm wave). Interference arises when a single queue splits into two (e.g., at a double slit or double pinhole), and the two sub-queues recombine behind the screen. Detection of “which path” does not collapse a wave function; it physically disrupts the queue synchronism. The picture is local, intuitive, and makes distinct predictions testable with weak measurements and two-pinhole experiments. It suggests that wave-particle duality is a historical conflation of two different waves.

DOI
10.5281/zenodo.20026546

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The double-slit experiment is usually interpreted as proof of wave-particle duality. In this note we propose an alternative picture based on the XLG cosmology. Light is not a stream of point-like particles nor a continuous classical wave. It is a train of bubbles — coherent, extended structures that move in a queue. Each bubble executes an S-shaped internal vibration (the first wave), while the spacing between bubbles defines a second, macroscopic wave (the queue rhythm wave). Interference arises when a single queue splits into two (e.g., at a double slit or double pinhole), and the two sub-queues recombine behind the screen. Detection of “which path” does not collapse a wave function; it physically disrupts the queue synchronism. The picture is local, intuitive, and makes distinct predictions testable with weak measurements and two-pinhole experiments. It suggests that wave-particle duality is a historical conflation of two different waves.
The double-slit experiment has stood for a century as the paradigmatic demonstration of quantum superposition: the standard interpretation holds that a particle passes through both slits simultaneously, existing in a superposition of two spatially separated states. This paper proposes a physically distinct alternative: the particle's matter wave — a real physical wave propagating through space in accordance with de Broglie's relation λ = h/p — passes through both slits, while the particle itself (matter) remains in an undetermined state until a constructive interference maximum is formed at the detection screen. The particle does not simultaneously occupy two locations; the wave does. This distinction eliminates the need for superposition as an ontological commitment while fully reproducing the observed interference pattern. We further show that the disappearance of the interference pattern upon which-path measurement is explained without invoking wavefunction collapse: the measurement interaction redirects the matter wave to a single-slit geometry, eliminating the two-wave interference condition. Three experimentally testable predictions distinguish this framework from the standard interpretation: (1) weak-measurement trajectory reconstruction should reveal single particle paths inconsistent with simultaneous two-slit passage; (2) diffraction fringe spacing should depend on the mass density of the slit material, because denser slit edges generate a steeper refractive-index gradient for the matter wave; (3) the fringe pattern should exhibit a density-dependent phase shift measurable with current matter-wave interferometry technology. This reinterpretation requires no new mathematical formalism — the Schrödinger equation and Born's rule are retained — but replaces the ontological claim of simultaneous multi-location existence with the physically consistent picture of matter-wave propagation through an undetermined-state particle.
Abstract The double-slit experiment is a classic experiment that presents the clearest manifestation of wave-particle duality, one of the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. The double-slit experiment still remains the phenomenon that demonstrates wave-particle duality at the most fundamental level. This phenomenon quantitatively and conceptually demonstrates that microscopic objects can behave like both waves and particles at the same time. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the physical nature of dualism, the mechanism of formation of the interference pattern, and the impact of the act of observation on the dynamics of quantum systems. The need for a new perspective on this topic is due to the fact that the current uncertainty in the interpretation of quantum reality has not yet been completely eliminated, and the boundaries between classical and quantum behavior in microscopic objects are still being explored. The results presented here restructure the deep mechanisms of the interference picture, more clearly frame the relationship between observation and wavefunction collapse, and provide a quantum. Since the article attempts to provide a complete answer to the mechanism of the formation of wave-particle duality, extensive space is given to sections such as historical development, theoretical models, modern research, etc. New approaches to this phenomenon have been developed using modern research and string theory. As a result, a new mathematical expression has been proposed that explains the reasons for the initial emergence of wave-particle duality, and is also important for string theory. The article explains the measurement problem with a more effective physical structure and ontological model.
We report observations of Cross-Double-Slit Experiment and Which-Path-Cross-Double-Slit experiment. Cross-Double-Slit apparatus contains two double-slit, where first double-slit is perpendicular to second double-slit. The first double-slit and the second double-slit generate not only their own interference pattern perpendicular to each other, but also generate “Cross-interference-patterns”. When we do which-way experiment with one of two double-slit, say first double-slit, then its interference pattern disappeared, i.e., photons behave as particles; but the second double-slit’s interference pattern and the cross-interference-pattern still exist; which implies an significant phenomenon that in the same experiment, photons behave as both wave and particle, which is first time caught on film. Thus we suggest to re-study wave-particle duality, which is the basic mystery of quantum mechanics. We postulate that the particle nature of photons is intrinsic; while the wave-like of photons is manifest-behavior.
In a recent recoiling‑slit experiment (Pan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 123601, 2025), interference contrast is observed to increase with the momentum uncertainty of a trapped atom acting as a movable slit. Standard quantum mechanics interprets this as a consequence of photon‑atom entanglement. In the XLG cosmology we propose a purely local picture. A photon is a queue of bubbles (an S‑shaped wave) propagating in the KuiQuark sea. The trapped atom creates a local bump in this sea. When the bump is sharp (atom well localised, small momentum uncertainty), the bubble queue is desynchronised and interference disappears. When the bump is smooth (atom delocalised, large momentum uncertainty), the queue remains synchronised and interference reappears. The critical momentum uncertainty is predicted to be Δp_c = ε² ℏ/λ, with ε = 1/137, in agreement with the observed scale. No wave‑function collapse or non‑local entanglement is invoked; the entire mechanism is local and mechanical.
The wave-particle duality mystery, present in the language of quantum physics since its historical origins 100 years ago, has no real correspondence with the actual behaviour of nature when it is observed. The dilemma of the so-called “single particle interference” experiments is not between particles versus waves: the interference in quantum physics is between probability amplitudes for different untagged alternatives in a definite transition between states. This article shows that the same conceptual basis is involved in a plethora of “two-state systems” as a consequence of the linear superposition principle, no matter whether the observables refer to either spatial or internal properties. Several examples, from the Young double-slit interference experiments to neutrino flavour oscillation experiments, are discussed in a common interpretation language.
A single photon exhibits wave-particle duality in the Young's double-slit interferometer. The duality characterized by an interference visibility and a which-path information has trade-off relation known as complementarity. These quantities are related to the first-order coherence, and the interference is based on the phase correlation between lights coming from two arms. However according to quantum optics theory, such a simple wave-particle picture is not enough to understand the nature because the theory showed an importance of higher-order coherence in the sense of both interference and statistical distribution of photons. Second-order intensity correlation is especially crucial to reveal distinctive quantum features of photons with no classical analogue. Here, in an intensity interferometric scenario as represented by the Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer, we discuss a wave-particle duality of light based on a which-path information and a quantity characterizing a magnitude of the intensity interferometric effect. We show, for classical light, the two quantities obey the complementary principle similar to the case of the double-slit experiment, but do not for nonclassical light. The nonclassical light such as photons at two arms is allowed to show larger which-path information and intensity interference simultaneously beyond the complementary relation. Moreover, the violation reveals a new nonclassical nature of light although both of the above two quantities seem to be understandable classically, which is never found from a consideration of only one side of wave-particle duality.