The double-slit experiment has stood for a century as the paradigmatic demonstration of quantum superposition: the standard interpretation holds that a particle passes through both slits simultaneously, existing in a superposition of two spatially separated states. This paper proposes a physically distinct alternative: the particle's matter wave — a real physical wave propagating through space in accordance with de Broglie's relation λ = h/p — passes through both slits, while the particle itself (matter) remains in an undetermined state until a constructive interference maximum is formed at the detection screen. The particle does not simultaneously occupy two locations; the wave does. This distinction eliminates the need for superposition as an ontological commitment while fully reproducing the observed interference pattern. We further show that the disappearance of the interference pattern upon which-path measurement is explained without invoking wavefunction collapse: the measurement interaction redirects the matter wave to a single-slit geometry, eliminating the two-wave interference condition. Three experimentally testable predictions distinguish this framework from the standard interpretation: (1) weak-measurement trajectory reconstruction should reveal single particle paths inconsistent with simultaneous two-slit passage; (2) diffraction fringe spacing should depend on the mass density of the slit material, because denser slit edges generate a steeper refractive-index gradient for the matter wave; (3) the fringe pattern should exhibit a density-dependent phase shift measurable with current matter-wave interferometry technology. This reinterpretation requires no new mathematical formalism — the Schrödinger equation and Born's rule are retained — but replaces the ontological claim of simultaneous multi-location existence with the physically consistent picture of matter-wave propagation through an undetermined-state particle.
The double-slit experiment has stood for a century as the paradigmatic demonstration of quantum superposition: the standard interpretation holds that a particle passes through both slits simultaneously, existing in a superposition of two spatially separated states. This paper proposes a physically distinct alternative: the particle's matter wave — a real physical wave propagating through space in accordance with de Broglie's relation λ = h/p — passes through both slits, while the particle itself (matter) remains in an undetermined state until a constructive interference maximum is formed at the detection screen. The particle does not simultaneously occupy two locations; the wave does. This distinction eliminates the need for superposition as an ontological commitment while fully reproducing the observed interference pattern. We further show that the disappearance of the interference pattern upon which-path measurement is explained without invoking wavefunction collapse: the measurement interaction redirects the matter wave to a single-slit geometry, eliminating the two-wave interference condition. Three experimentally testable predictions distinguish this framework from the standard interpretation: (1) weak-measurement trajectory reconstruction should reveal single particle paths inconsistent with simultaneous two-slit passage; (2) diffraction fringe spacing should depend on the mass density of the slit material, because denser slit edges generate a steeper refractive-index gradient for the matter wave; (3) the fringe pattern should exhibit a density-dependent phase shift measurable with current matter-wave interferometry technology. This reinterpretation requires no new mathematical formalism — the Schrödinger equation and Born's rule are retained — but replaces the ontological claim of simultaneous multi-location existence with the physically consistent picture of matter-wave propagation through an undetermined-state particle.
Paper 74 — No Quantum Superposition This paper argues, by reductio ad absurdum, that the physical realisation of superposition — simultaneous multi-location existence — is incompatible with seven independent and well-established physical principles: (1) the observational fact that no infinite physical quantity has ever been measured; (2) conservation of energy; (3) the mass-energy equivalence E = mc²; (4) the Bekenstein entropy bound; (5) the second law of thermodynamics; (6) the Heisenberg uncertainty principle; and (7) causality. The foundational identification is that information, energy, and mass stand in proportional existential relation (Bekenstein bound: I ∝ M; Landauer principle: ΔE ∝ ΔI; mass-energy equivalence: E = mc²). Complete superposition requires infinite information processing, and therefore infinite energy and infinite mass — quantities universally absent from the observational record of physics. Finite N-state superposition is excluded by a complementary argument: maintaining N states simultaneously requires N times the information-processing load of a single undetermined state, violating the principle that nature selects minimum-load configurations. The positive alternative proposed is the undetermined state: during matter-wave propagation, the matter wave is real and physically present, but matter has not yet appeared at any location. This is not a hidden-variable state but an ontological absence of localisation prior to the formation of a constructive interference maximum. Paper 75 — The Double-Slit Experiment Reinterpreted This paper applies the undetermined-state ontology to the paradigmatic demonstration of quantum mechanics. The de Broglie matter wave — a real physical wave — passes through both slits, while the particle remains in an undetermined state until a constructive interference maximum is formed at the detection screen. The disappearance of the interference pattern upon which-path measurement is explained without wavefunction collapse: the measurement interaction physically disrupts the matter wave's coherent two-slit propagation. Three experimentally testable predictions distinguish this framework: (1) weak-measurement trajectory reconstruction should reveal single-path trajectories inconsistent with simultaneous two-slit passage; (2) diffraction fringe spacing should depend on the mass density of the slit material, because denser slit edges generate a steeper refractive-index gradient; (3) the fringe pattern should exhibit a density-dependent phase shift measurable with current matter-wave interferometry technology. The Schrödinger equation and Born's rule are retained without modification. Paper 76 — Discriminating Experiments for the Constructive-Interference Account of Gravity This paper derives the specific numerical values predicted by Paper 29 — n(r) from the Schwarzschild metric, Δφ = k₀∫[n₁(r)−n₂(r)]dr from the medium-structure integral, and Δx_max = f(∇n, geometry, λ₀) from the interference structure — and assesses whether current experimental technology can measure the gap between Paper 29's predictions and standard QM's predictions. Three formal conditions for a discriminating experiment are established: structural absence of the variable from standard QM, signal exceeding current resolution, and impossibility of alternative explanation. Two experimental classes satisfy all three conditions with existing apparatus: COW path-geometry (predicted δ(Δφ) ~ 10⁻³ rad vs. resolution ~10⁻⁴ rad, path shape structurally absent from the standard COW formula) and slit-material density (predicted Δx_max ~ tens of nm vs. resolution 1–5 nm, material density structurally absent from Δy ≈ λL/a). Cumulative agreement across both systems constitutes genuine inductive support for the proposed mechanism. Paper 77 — From Electrons to Fullerenes This paper addresses three questions that Paper 76 does not: (1) why the slit-material density experiment has never been performed in the hundred years since matter-wave interferometry began — the answer being that standard QM contains no density variable in the slit formula, so experimenters had no reason to vary it, with the Copenhagen prohibition on mechanism questions as the deeper structural reason; (2) why confirmation in exactly two systems — electrons and fullerenes C₆₀ — is sufficient to establish the theoretical outline across six orders of magnitude in mass, because these systems are maximally independent in particle type, mass, apparatus, energy scale, and decoherence environment; (3) what confirmation across this mass range would establish for physics: the first experimentally supported identification of the physical mechanism of gravity, the first experimentally verifiable quantum-gravity connection at accessible energy scales, a physical grounding of Born's rule, and a mechanistic account of the measurement problem. A complete three-layer control protocol for excluding the slit-width confound is specified. Paper 78 — A Three-Dimensional Experimental Matrix This paper extends the experimental programme by introducing slit thickness as a third independent variable alongside matter-wave species and slit-material density. The wave-mechanical account predicts that phase shift scales linearly with slit thickness d: Δφ(ρ,d) = (2π/λ)·[n(ρ)−1]·d — a prediction structurally absent from standard QM, which assigns no physical role to slit thickness. The resulting 5×5×3 matrix of 75 independent measurements has a random coincidence probability of approximately 1/1,728,000, rendering chance agreement with theoretical prediction physically impossible. Three-layer control protocols for fabrication, TEM cross-section verification, and linearity testing are specified for the thickness dimension. Together, the five papers constitute a complete programme: ontological foundation (P74), phenomenological reinterpretation (P75), formal discriminating analysis (P76), strategic and historical argument (P77), and three-dimensional experimental design (P78).
The double-slit interference experiment serves as a fundamental experiment in quantum mechanics. Core theories including wave-particle duality, quantum superposition and measurement collapse are established on the basis of this phenomenon. The mainstream Copenhagen interpretation and Bohmian pilot-wave theory rely heavily on mathematical statistical fitting to interpret experimental outcomes, yet they fail to reveal the real physical evolution mechanism of photons at the microscale. Moreover, they inherently suffer from symmetry breaking, causal discontinuity and logical inconsistency. The symmetry-breaking analogy widely adopted in academic circles contains dimensional mismatch and conceptual substitution, representing a cognitive bias that places mathematical tools above physical mechanisms. Based on the symmetry principle of classical physics and the rule of continuous causal evolution, this paper systematically identifies the core defects of mainstream quantum interpretations and points out the paradigm limitation of quantum mechanics that prioritizes mathematical fitting over physical ontology. A spatial particle resonance propagation model is proposed. This model explains that photons are essentially the resonance manifestation of space particles. When resonance passes through double slits, the resonance body splits symmetrically, and then recombines after passing through the slits to form interference. Measurement will break the symmetry of resonance, resulting in the disappearance of interference fringes. This model maintains continuous causality and geometric symmetry, and provides a new physical mechanism explanation for quantum uncertainty and measurement effects in double-slit experiments.
The mainstream quantum mechanics uses “probability wave superposition and single-electron self-interference” to explain electron single-slit and double-slit diffraction. This theory deviates from the essential nature of real particle interactions and has fundamental logical flaws. The electron is a negatively charged real particle with a definite physical size and high-frequency transverse oscillation; a single real particle has no physical basis for self-interference. Abandoning the abstract probability wave hypothesis, this paper establishes a complete real-interaction model including electrostatic repulsion deflection, surface electron exchange, collision scattering, microscopic refraction, and barrier diffraction, based on the three-dimensional random transverse oscillation and charge repulsion of electrons. The model uniformly explains the real formation mechanism of electron single-slit diffraction and double-slit interference fringes. This paper proves that in single-electron sequential emission, each electron passes through only one slit; all bright and dark fringes are the statistical result of multiple microscopic interactions between electrons and slit walls or the central barrier. The disappearance of fringes under observation is caused by external disturbance to the inherent oscillation and wall-interaction equilibrium, not by wave function collapse. This paper further clarifies that whether an electron can pass through a slit is determined by its transverse oscillation amplitude, not by wavelength. Amplitude directly corresponds to slit width and is the core controlling variable of diffraction. Meanwhile, if no slit is placed, electrons flying directly to the screen produce no diffraction or interference fringes, proving that electrons themselves have no self-interference ability. Fringes are generated by slit structures, not by intrinsic wave interference of electrons. This study corrects the century-long misunderstanding of electron diffraction and establishes a new microscopic diffraction mechanism consistent with classical real-particle physics.
The double-slit experiment is commonly interpreted as evidence that a single electron must be described by a spatially extended wavefunction whose path amplitudes interfere. Here, we present an alternative geometric formulation within the Bivector Standard Model, in which the observed far-field interference pattern is reproduced while the phase is attributed to an internal bivector clock carried by the electron. In this approach, each electron remains localized and produces a single detection event, while the familiar fringe pattern emerges statistically from the accumulation of many impacts. Interference arises from the comparison of clock phases associated with geometrically distinct paths, rather than from the superposition of spatial waves. The resulting probability distribution recovers the standard two-slit interference factor, the single-slit diffraction envelope, and the usual fringe-spacing relation in the Fraunhofer regime. The de Broglie wavelength emerges as the spatial manifestation of this transported phase. This formulation provides a geometric account of the origin of phase in single-electron interference, consistent with standard results while offering a distinct physical interpretation.
The standard Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics relies on a set of historically established, ad hoc postulates to describe particle-wave duality, measurement, and non-locality. In this paper, we propose a single foundational axiom that fully reproduces the standard mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics while eliminating the need for supplementary assumptions. From this singular postulate, we rigorously derive the fundamental origin of the wave function and the mathematical generator of the Schrödinger equation. Furthermore, we demonstrate via isomorfism that all seemingly inexplicable quantum phenomena—including wave-function collapse and quantum entanglement—are mathematically and conceptually reducible to the underlying dynamics of the double-slit experiment. By establishing a direct fundamental correlation between the double-slit interference mechanism and the Monty Hall phenomenon, we prove that these effects are distinct manifestations of the exact same principle. We framed the double-slit experiment as an interference of the space of possibilities affected by information and simetrys. Ultimately, by anchoring the existing quantum mathematical framework to this unique axiom, this work provides a coherent, paradox-free ontological foundation that resolves the interpretational crisis of quantum mechanics without altering its empirical predictive power.
This article presents a conceptual interpretation of the double-slit experiment using Feynman's path integral formulation. Rather than treating a quantum particle as a point-like object following a single trajectory, the particle's propagation is viewed as a distributed structure in 4D spacetime. In the path-integral picture, this structure is represented by a coherent sum over possible paths between emission and detection. From this perspective, the observed interference pattern emerges from the phase relationships between these possible spacetime paths. The article distinguishes between propagation and interaction. Propagation is described as an extended 4D process, while measurement appears as a localized spacetime event within a 3D spatial slice, producing the point-like detections observed in the double-slit experiment. The aim is not to propose a new physical theory or to explain the mechanism of collapse, but to provide an intuitive geometric interpretation of the standard quantum formalism and its relationship between quantum propagation, interference, and localized measurement outcomes. This is a conceptual essay and interpretive synthesis, not a proposal of a new physical theory.