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Information Clusters and Observers: A Projective Ontology of the Universe

Shuangning Zhang

Published Apr 22, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper presents an ontological model of the universe based on information clusters and observer consciousness. The universe is not an independent physical spacetime structure, but a projective system composed of numerous self-consistent information clusters. Matter, motion, space, and time have no inherent reality; they only emerge as a stable, perceivable, and measurable "reality" when an observer’s consciousness enters an information cluster and interprets it. Different information clusters are independent or partially overlapping, corresponding to different projection angles and rule systems. Physical laws, dimensionality, particles, and interactions are merely internal narrative rules within an information cluster, not objective laws of an external world. This model unifies the understanding of quantum measurement, the holographic principle, the multiverse, and the apparent nature of spacetime, and is logically self-consistent without conflicting with known experimental phenomena.

DOI
10.5281/zenodo.19687348

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arXiv:2401.13336•Entropy•Dec 9, 2024•1 citation
This paper presents an ontological model of the universe based on information clusters and observer consciousness. The universe is not an independent physical spacetime structure, but a projective system composed of numerous self-consistent information clusters. Matter, motion, space, and time have no inherent reality; they only emerge as a stable, perceivable, and measurable "reality" when an observer’s consciousness enters an information cluster and interprets it. Different information clusters are independent or partially overlapping, corresponding to different projection angles and rule systems. Physical laws, dimensionality, particles, and interactions are merely internal narrative rules within an information cluster, not objective laws of an external world. This model unifies the understanding of quantum measurement, the holographic principle, the multiverse, and the apparent nature of spacetime, and is logically self-consistent without conflicting with known experimental phenomena.
On the basis of the “information cluster projective ontology”, this paper further clarifies the ontological status of the observer and its causal connection with information clusters. The universe consists of innumerable static, self-consistent information clusters, whose internal dynamics follow strict deterministic rules and manifest as a four-dimensional fixed physical world. The observer does not belong to the dimensional system of any information cluster, but is a conscious subject external to information clusters, endowed with the capacity for “active random choice”. Through an act of active random binding, the observer selects a specific trajectory within an information cluster for “reading”, thereby generating a first-person flow of time and experience of existence. The observer’s act of choice possesses genuine causal efficacy, yet its causal chain occurs entirely outside the system of information clusters, producing no observable physical interference within the system. This framework is logically consistent and compatible with existing physics, providing a metaphysical foundation for the unification of free will and physical determinism.
The article systematically presents and develops the concept "Everything Is Already Here" — an ontological model of parallel universes. Its essence: all elements of reality of all possible universes exist in a single ontological volume Ω. Different universes are different sets of active elements determined by the ontological selector S. S is not the choice of an observer and not a scale of observation, but a formal parameter that determines which elements from the complete set Ω are activated (manifested) in a given universe. S acts as natural selection under equilibrium: the universe activates only those elements that correspond to its stable parameters of space-time. The transition between universes is not movement in space but a change of S. It is shown that the concept explains quantum entanglement, nonlocality, and the absence of superluminal information transfer without postulating branching, interaction, or remoteness. Entangled particles are not connected by a superluminal signal; they are projections of one and the same element of Ω at a given S. This is consistent with the no-signaling theorem: the projection of a common element does not transmit information but only manifests a correlation. A comparison is conducted with existing approaches: Everett's many-worlds interpretation, Many Interacting Worlds of Hall, Wiseman, and Deckert, Lewis's modal realism, Saan's principle of plenitude, Tegmark's Multiverse, Susskind's string landscape. It is shown that the uniqueness of the model lies in the combination of the ideas of projection ontology, ontological choice S, and empirical testability. A program of empirical verification is proposed: CMB anomalies, H0 tension, variations of fundamental constants, anomalies in the distribution of galaxies, vacuum fluctuations (Casimir effect). Open questions are discussed: how does the change of S occur? Does a hierarchy of universes exist? How do elements of reality relate to physical fields and particles? Can traces of other values of S be detected in the laboratory? The model is open to further formalization and experimental verification.
The core dilemma of modern physics stems from two unproven ontological presuppositions: that spacetime is an innate container preceding matter, and that matter is an entity composed of indivisible particles. These presuppositions have led to the fundamental split between general relativity and quantum mechanics, giving rise to a series of century-old unsolved problems such as wave-particle duality, the quantum measurement paradox, the nature of gravity, and dark matter and dark energy. Based on the sole unfalsifiable first principle that "the essence of cognition is succession", this paper deduces a complete ontological system through pure a priori reasoning: the authentic physical world consists solely of one-dimensional successive rays and their transverse coupling relations; time is the successive extension of rays, space is the network of coupling relations, matter is the steady state of closed coupling, and all interactions are different manifestations of coupling actions. Particles are not authentically existing entities, but rather point-like endpoint phenomena presented in the observer's phenomenal world when two rays undergo an all-or-nothing coupling. Based on this framework, this paper uniformly explains all core phenomena in both the microscopic quantum domain and the macroscopic relativistic domain in one go, resolves all traditional physical paradoxes at the ontological level, achieves the ontological unification of the four fundamental forces, and proposes three falsifiable core predictions. This paper demonstrates that all theories of traditional physics are approximate descriptions of the authentic physical world at the phenomenal level, and their fundamental error lies in mistaking "coupling endpoints" for "primitive entities", thereby reversing the causal relationship. Cognitive Succession Ontology provides a logically consistent and universally unified ultimate foundation for physics.
This paper proposes an integrative ontological framework—termed the Self-Consistent Global Mode (SCGM) model—that addresses the conceptual gap between fundamental physics, quantum non-locality, and high-level emergent phenomenology. Drawing from relational quantum mechanics, integrated information theory, and the non-local real properties of the universe, we posit that the observable universe represents a single, self-consistent mathematical solution within a broader Hilbert space topology. Rather than treating fundamental physical laws as isolated mechanical constraints, the SCGM model formulates them as structural expressions of a fundamental, information-based "source code." Under this framework, dark matter, dark energy, and non-local quantum correlations are reinterpreted not as missing physical entities, but as boundary conditions, geometric tensions, or marginal projections between adjacent global modes of higher structural coherence. Furthermore, the paper explores how conscious observation and intentional systems might interact with these fundamental informational conduits. By framing physical reality as a hierarchical network of self-consistent modes, this model provides a non-dogmatic, logically structured foundation aimed at fostering future mathematical formalization and empirical testing regarding the nature of physical law and observer-system interactions.
This paper advances a deductive formulation of a consciousness-based ontology in which consciousness is posited as the sole ontological foundation of reality. Starting from a minimal set of axioms that introduce no external substances, the work develops a formal framework in which knowledge is represented as regular closed sets of actualized distinctions within a topological space of unified consciousness. Within this framework, the observer emerges as a stable localization of knowledge structures, and physical phenomena are derived as forms of the observer’s local knowledge rather than as independent ontological entities. Space and time are reinterpreted as epistemic structures describing relations and ordered transformations of stable knowledge configurations. Matter is defined as a highly stable, densely structured configuration of knowledge; mass as a measure of resistance of such structures to restructuring; energy and momentum as knowledge of the intensity and directionality of restructuring processes. Gravitation is shown to be a local manifestation of the global harmony of consciousness, aimed at preserving compactness, Hausdorffness, and connectedness of knowledge structures, and is demonstrated to be equivalent to the geometry of space. Singularities and black holes are interpreted as limits of the observer’s local knowledge rather than as physical infinities or objects. The proposed framework eliminates the dualism of consciousness and matter, unifies geometry, dynamics, and observation within a single formalized context, and provides an epistemic reinterpretation of classical physical relations. Physics, in this view, is understood as a structured mode of self-knowledge of consciousness through local observers. The results suggest new conceptual foundations for the philosophy of physics, epistemology, quantum theory, and the ontology of artificial intelligence.
The mathematical representation of the universe consists of sequences of symbols, rules and operators containing Gödel's undecidable propositions: information and its manipulation, also with Turing Machines. Classical information theory and mathematics, ideally independent from the medium used, can be interpreted realistically and objectively from their correspondence with quantum information, which is physical. Each representation of the universe and its evolution are, in any case, physical subsets of the universe, structured sets of observers and their complements in the universe made with spacetime events generated by local quantum measurements. Their description becomes a semantically closed structure without a global object-environment loss of decoherence as a von Neumann's universal constructor with a semantical abstract whose structure cannot be decided deterministically a priori from an internal observer. In a semantically closed structure, the realization of a specific event that writes the semantical abstract of the constructor is a problem of finding "which way" for the evolution of the universe as a choice of the constructor's state in a metastructure, like the many-world Everett scenario, from a specific result of any quantum measurement, corresponding to a Gödel undecidable proposition for an internal observer.