We present an experimental protocol for generating and verifying Ze-entanglement—a novel type of non-classical correlation defined within the framework of Ze Vectors Theory (ZeVT). ZeVT posits that space, time, and entropy emerge from the antiparallel relationship between two event types: T-events (incorrect predictions) and S-events (correct predictions). The protocol uses spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) to generate polarization-entangled photon pairs, followed by local unitary transformations (phase plates and spatial light modulators) to prepare Ze-basis states (|Ze_{ab}= (U_A U_B)|^+). The Ze-observer’s prediction threshold (_Z) and noise parameter () are derived from Landauer’s bound experiments ((_Z = 1.00 ); Dago et al., 2021), and the fringe visibility prediction is corrected to (V = 2) via weak measurement formalism (Daem & Matzkin, 2024; Lin et al., 2025). A meta-analysis of 30+ experiments confirms all predictions with statistical significance (p < 10^{-6}). The protocol includes a control experiment distinguishing Ze-effects from decoherence by comparing detectors with different (_Z) histories. Success criteria: (1) (V = 2) within (2), (2) (_Z)-history dependence exceeding (3), and (3) reconstructed (_Z) within (1.00 ). This protocol provides the first experimental test of the information-resource foundation of spacetime.
We present an experimental protocol for generating and verifying Ze-entanglement—a novel type of non-classical correlation defined within the framework of Ze Vectors Theory (ZeVT). ZeVT posits that space, time, and entropy emerge from the antiparallel relationship between two event types: T-events (incorrect predictions) and S-events (correct predictions). The protocol uses spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) to generate polarization-entangled photon pairs, followed by local unitary transformations (phase plates and spatial light modulators) to prepare Ze-basis states (|Ze_{ab}= (U_A U_B)|^+). The Ze-observer’s prediction threshold (_Z) and noise parameter () are derived from Landauer’s bound experiments ((_Z = 1.00 ); Dago et al., 2021), and the fringe visibility prediction is corrected to (V = 2) via weak measurement formalism (Daem & Matzkin, 2024; Lin et al., 2025). A meta-analysis of 30+ experiments confirms all predictions with statistical significance (p < 10^{-6}). The protocol includes a control experiment distinguishing Ze-effects from decoherence by comparing detectors with different (_Z) histories. Success criteria: (1) (V = 2) within (2), (2) (_Z)-history dependence exceeding (3), and (3) reconstructed (_Z) within (1.00 ). This protocol provides the first experimental test of the information-resource foundation of spacetime.
In the Cosmology of the Quarkbase, quantum particles and photons are interpreted as excitations of an etheric plasma represented by the scalar or vector field Ψ(x,t). An experiment that, in standard quantum theory, produces an entangled pair instead generates in this framework a single non-local field excitation: a coherent combination of Ψ-modes correlated through conservation of momentum, spin, and polarization, as well as through the coupling topology between local sources (quarkbases). Local measurement acts as a projection on this extended excitation, producing the experimentally observed strong correlations without any exchange of causal signals between detectors. The Quarkbase formalism introduces explicit medium parameters —density ρp, compressibility K, and effective mass mΨ— that define physical scales such as the screening length λ = 1/mΨ. These quantities determine the spatial decay of entanglement visibility according to V(r) ∝ e⁻ʳ/λ / r, and the effective CHSH parameter becomes Seff = C(r) 2√2. Therefore, if the vacuum possesses a finite λ, Bell-type correlations should attenuate exponentially with distance, providing a falsifiable signature of a massive or screened etheric field. Mathematically, the framework reproduces the predictions of quantum field theory —Bell states, coincidence probabilities, CHSH violation— while offering an ontological interpretation in which entanglement arises from the geometry and coherence of the Ψ-field rather than from instantaneous nonlocal action. The theory therefore unifies microscopic quantum behavior with macroscopic medium dynamics, transforming questions about “collapse” and “nonlocality” into experimentally testable properties of the underlying ether-plasma.
We present Ze Vectors Theory (ZeVT), a foundational framework in which physical laws emerge from the statistics of two complementary event types — T-events (incorrect predictions) and S-events (correct predictions) — registered by abstract information-processing units called Ze-observers. The theory is named for the two antiparallel vectors (T ↑ and S ↓) that satisfy the fundamental symmetry S=−T. Axiom Z0 establishes the core geometric insight: space emerges from the projection orthogonal to the T/S axis only when Ze makes an incorrect prediction (T-event), which simultaneously decrements its proper time counter Z and increases entropy. When Ze predicts correctly (S-event), no new space is created, time is conserved, and entropy does not increase. Thus, errors in prediction are the source of both spatial extension and the arrow of time. We derive the Second Law of Thermodynamics from Ze-budget monotonicity (Axiom Z2): in an isolated Ze-system, the expected number of future T-events cannot exceed the current Z budget. Ze-entropy SZe=kBln is shown to be formally equivalent to Boltzmann entropy under idealised conditions. Maxwell’s Demon is resolved as a Ze-system that cannot sort molecules without expending Ze-budget. The Born rule of quantum mechanics is recovered as the unique Ze-consistent probability measure satisfying resource monotonicity under POVM measurements via smooth sigmoid approximation. We introduce testable conjectures: double-slit fringe visibility V=1−2pT, particle lifetime 1/2=Z(0)/ with =mc2/h, and Lorentz invariance as an emergent phenomenon.
Most of the attention given to continuous variable systems for quantum information processing has traditionally been focused on Gaussian states. However, non-Gaussianity is an essential requirement for universal quantum computation and entanglement distillation, and can improve the efficiency of other quantum information tasks. Here we report the experimental observation of genuine non-Gaussian entanglement using spatially entangled photon pairs. The quantum correlations are invisible to all second-order tests, which identify only Gaussian entanglement, and are revealed only under application of a higher-order entanglement criterion. Thus, the photons exhibit a variety of entanglement that cannot be reproduced by Gaussian states.
To present Ze Theory as an interpretive framework for quantum mechanics, reformulating known quantum phenomena in the language of Ze-observers—quantum systems by construction that possess proper time and act under conditions of struggle for existence. A Ze-observer is defined as a tuple (H, ρ_Z, {M_i}, τ_Z, θ_Z), where H is a Hilbert space, ρ_Z is a belief state, {M_i} is a POVM, τ_Z is a proper time counter, and θ_Z is a prediction threshold. The dynamics of τ_Z follow the rule: for a correct prediction (S-event), τ_Z is preserved; for an incorrect prediction (T-event), τ_Z decreases by 1. Two fundamental survival strategies of Ze are derived: internal adaptation (filtering of rare events) and external adaptation (niche construction). Within the proposed framework: (1) the arrow of time emerges from the decrease of τ_Z during T-events; (2) aging is interpreted as the dominance of the filtering strategy; (3) quantum entanglement corresponds to Ze generated by a common parent; (4) the double-slit experiment is reinterpreted through strategy choice; (5) spacetime is constructed from partial order and the commutation matrix of POVMs. Ze Theory offers a coherent interpretive framework for quantum mechanics, consistent with evolutionary epistemology. Open problems include deriving the Born rule from selection pressure, Lorentz invariance from Ze network dynamics, and the emergence of gravity.
Quantum mechanics predicts the existence of correlations between composite systems that, although puzzling to our physical intuition, enable technologies not accessible in a classical world. Notwithstanding, there is still no efficient general method to theoretically quantify and experimentally detect entanglement of many qubits. Here we propose to detect entanglement by measuring the statistical response of a quantum system to an arbitrary nonlocal parametric evolution. We witness entanglement without relying on the tomographic reconstruction of the quantum state, or the realization of witness operators. The protocol requires two collective settings for any number of parties and is robust against noise and decoherence occurring after the implementation of the parametric transformation. To illustrate its user friendliness we demonstrate multipartite entanglement in different experiments with ions and photons by analyzing published data on fidelity visibilities and variances of collective observables.
This document proposes a novel experimental protocol to test whether quantum information can manifest at a receiver without any classical signal, using weak measurement, post-selection, and pre-shared quantum entanglement. After systematic computational search over 6.4 billion parameter combinations, weak measurement combined with post-selection and complete isolation from classical communication was identified as the sole surviving candidate not excluded by known physics. The accompanying Jupyter notebook contains all source code and raw computational results. A positive experimental result would constitute the first empirical challenge to the no-communication theorem; a negative result closes this specific theoretical gap.