We present Ze Vectors Theory (ZeVT), a foundational framework in which physical laws emerge from the statistics of two complementary event types — T-events (incorrect predictions) and S-events (correct predictions) — registered by abstract information-processing units called Ze-observers. The theory is named for the two antiparallel vectors (T ↑ and S ↓) that satisfy the fundamental symmetry S=−T. Axiom Z0 establishes the core geometric insight: space emerges from the projection orthogonal to the T/S axis only when Ze makes an incorrect prediction (T-event), which simultaneously decrements its proper time counter Z and increases entropy. When Ze predicts correctly (S-event), no new space is created, time is conserved, and entropy does not increase. Thus, errors in prediction are the source of both spatial extension and the arrow of time. We derive the Second Law of Thermodynamics from Ze-budget monotonicity (Axiom Z2): in an isolated Ze-system, the expected number of future T-events cannot exceed the current Z budget. Ze-entropy SZe=kBln is shown to be formally equivalent to Boltzmann entropy under idealised conditions. Maxwell’s Demon is resolved as a Ze-system that cannot sort molecules without expending Ze-budget. The Born rule of quantum mechanics is recovered as the unique Ze-consistent probability measure satisfying resource monotonicity under POVM measurements via smooth sigmoid approximation. We introduce testable conjectures: double-slit fringe visibility V=1−2pT, particle lifetime 1/2=Z(0)/ with =mc2/h, and Lorentz invariance as an emergent phenomenon.
We present Ze Vectors Theory (ZeVT), a foundational framework in which physical laws emerge from the statistics of two complementary event types — T-events (incorrect predictions) and S-events (correct predictions) — registered by abstract information-processing units called Ze-observers. The theory is named for the two antiparallel vectors (T ↑ and S ↓) that satisfy the fundamental symmetry S=−T. Axiom Z0 establishes the core geometric insight: space emerges from the projection orthogonal to the T/S axis only when Ze makes an incorrect prediction (T-event), which simultaneously decrements its proper time counter Z and increases entropy. When Ze predicts correctly (S-event), no new space is created, time is conserved, and entropy does not increase. Thus, errors in prediction are the source of both spatial extension and the arrow of time. We derive the Second Law of Thermodynamics from Ze-budget monotonicity (Axiom Z2): in an isolated Ze-system, the expected number of future T-events cannot exceed the current Z budget. Ze-entropy SZe=kBln is shown to be formally equivalent to Boltzmann entropy under idealised conditions. Maxwell’s Demon is resolved as a Ze-system that cannot sort molecules without expending Ze-budget. The Born rule of quantum mechanics is recovered as the unique Ze-consistent probability measure satisfying resource monotonicity under POVM measurements via smooth sigmoid approximation. We introduce testable conjectures: double-slit fringe visibility V=1−2pT, particle lifetime 1/2=Z(0)/ with =mc2/h, and Lorentz invariance as an emergent phenomenon.
We present an experimental protocol for generating and verifying Ze-entanglement—a novel type of non-classical correlation defined within the framework of Ze Vectors Theory (ZeVT). ZeVT posits that space, time, and entropy emerge from the antiparallel relationship between two event types: T-events (incorrect predictions) and S-events (correct predictions). The protocol uses spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) to generate polarization-entangled photon pairs, followed by local unitary transformations (phase plates and spatial light modulators) to prepare Ze-basis states (|Ze_{ab}= (U_A U_B)|^+). The Ze-observer’s prediction threshold (_Z) and noise parameter () are derived from Landauer’s bound experiments ((_Z = 1.00 ); Dago et al., 2021), and the fringe visibility prediction is corrected to (V = 2) via weak measurement formalism (Daem & Matzkin, 2024; Lin et al., 2025). A meta-analysis of 30+ experiments confirms all predictions with statistical significance (p < 10^{-6}). The protocol includes a control experiment distinguishing Ze-effects from decoherence by comparing detectors with different (_Z) histories. Success criteria: (1) (V = 2) within (2), (2) (_Z)-history dependence exceeding (3), and (3) reconstructed (_Z) within (1.00 ). This protocol provides the first experimental test of the information-resource foundation of spacetime.
To present Ze Theory as an interpretive framework for quantum mechanics, reformulating known quantum phenomena in the language of Ze-observers—quantum systems by construction that possess proper time and act under conditions of struggle for existence. A Ze-observer is defined as a tuple (H, ρ_Z, {M_i}, τ_Z, θ_Z), where H is a Hilbert space, ρ_Z is a belief state, {M_i} is a POVM, τ_Z is a proper time counter, and θ_Z is a prediction threshold. The dynamics of τ_Z follow the rule: for a correct prediction (S-event), τ_Z is preserved; for an incorrect prediction (T-event), τ_Z decreases by 1. Two fundamental survival strategies of Ze are derived: internal adaptation (filtering of rare events) and external adaptation (niche construction). Within the proposed framework: (1) the arrow of time emerges from the decrease of τ_Z during T-events; (2) aging is interpreted as the dominance of the filtering strategy; (3) quantum entanglement corresponds to Ze generated by a common parent; (4) the double-slit experiment is reinterpreted through strategy choice; (5) spacetime is constructed from partial order and the commutation matrix of POVMs. Ze Theory offers a coherent interpretive framework for quantum mechanics, consistent with evolutionary epistemology. Open problems include deriving the Born rule from selection pressure, Lorentz invariance from Ze network dynamics, and the emergence of gravity.
The Ze theory proposes a binary-process framework in which reality is not pre-given but materially instantiated through the activity of Ze systems — finite or infinite binary sequences whose statistical structure determines observational capacity and temporal depth. We ground the theory in a single foundational axiom: Axiom 0 (Ze Fundamental Duality) — time-directed and space-directed binary events carry opposite algebraic signs in every Ze invariant quantity. From this axiom alone we derive the Ze proper time, Ze velocity, impedance, and fixed point. We then develop and formally state four postulates of Ze theory as an observer-based theory of materialization. Postulate I asserts that a Ze system, through its binary process X = {x_k in {0,1}}, operates as a materializing observer: the probability of an event E conditioned on the existence of an observing Ze structure strictly exceeds the unconditioned probability. The Ze velocity v = N_S/(N-1) — the fraction of switching (S-) events among all transitions — parameterizes the system's observational coherence, with the fixed point v* = 0.45631 marking maximum materialization capacity. Postulate II generalizes this to passive Ze structures: existence alone, without active measurement or conscious involvement, is sufficient to bias materialization. A Ze sub-structure modifies boundary conditions of the local physical medium even when 'switched off'. Postulate III introduces the Ze-map — each Ze system's internal probabilistic model of interacting Ze systems — and connects prediction accuracy to temporal resource consumption. Prediction error epsilon drives depletion of Ze proper time: d-tau/dt = -alpha * epsilon. Two adaptation strategies emerge: improving internal model accuracy (Path A) or reshaping the observation apparatus to materialize more predictable states (Path B). Ze selection favors systems that minimize cumulative error. Postulate IV addresses the role of temporal potential: for finite Ze systems (biological organisms), the remaining tau is a dynamical variable. As tau depletes, the Ze velocity drifts toward 1, impedance Z_Ze diverges, and the Ze cheating index chi_Ze = 1 - Z_Ze declines toward zero. We propose chi_Ze as a biomarker of temporal potential and derive the Ze-Godel self-referential ceiling chi_Ze_self_max = Z*² ≈ 0.839 as a conjectured upper bound for living Ze systems. The framework is compared with Copenhagen, Many-Worlds, Relational Quantum Mechanics, and QBism, and biological implications — including aging as a v → v* → 1 trajectory — are discussed.
This paper presents the complete axiomatic foundation of the Ze Vector Theory (ZVT), a unified framework for fundamental physics. ZVT posits a single ontological primitive—the Ze State—which inherently admits both a continuous (vector) and a discrete (counter) representation. From this basis, the theory derives space and time as antiparallel, co-equal projections of the State, rather than assuming them as a background manifold. Physical dynamics are defined as the norm-preserving redistribution of the State's measure, from which causality and quantum phenomena emerge naturally. Quantum discreteness is shown to be a consequence of the discrete substrate, while interference patterns arise from the superposition of statistical pathways for state transitions, eliminating the need for a physical collapse postulate. The theory intrinsically defines an observer as an autonomous subsystem capable of stable registration. Crucially, ZVT demonstrates that Special Relativity, General Relativity, standard Quantum Theory, and Causal Set Theory arise as specific limiting regimes of its general formalism. By deriving, rather than postulating, the core concepts of modern physics and seamlessly integrating the continuous and discrete, ZVT offers a coherent, monistic, and relational foundation for a unified description of reality.
The Ze theory proposes a binary-process framework in which reality is not pre-given but materially instantiated through the activity of Ze systems — finite or infinite binary sequences whose statistical structure determines observational capacity and temporal depth. We ground the theory in a single foundational axiom: Axiom 0 (Ze Fundamental Duality) — time-directed and space-directed binary events carry opposite algebraic signs in every Ze invariant quantity. From this axiom alone we derive the Ze proper time, Ze velocity, impedance, and fixed point. We then develop and formally state four postulates of Ze theory as an observer-based theory of materialization. Postulate I asserts that a Ze system, through its binary process X = {x_k in {0,1}}, operates as a materializing observer: the probability of an event E conditioned on the existence of an observing Ze structure strictly exceeds the unconditioned probability. The Ze velocity v = N_S/(N-1) — the fraction of switching (S-) events among all transitions — parameterizes the system's observational coherence, with the fixed point v* = 0.45631 marking maximum materialization capacity. Postulate II generalizes this to passive Ze structures: existence alone, without active measurement or conscious involvement, is sufficient to bias materialization. A Ze sub-structure modifies boundary conditions of the local physical medium even when 'switched off'. Postulate III introduces the Ze-map — each Ze system's internal probabilistic model of interacting Ze systems — and connects prediction accuracy to temporal resource consumption. Prediction error epsilon drives depletion of Ze proper time: d-tau/dt = -alpha * epsilon. Two adaptation strategies emerge: improving internal model accuracy (Path A) or reshaping the observation apparatus to materialize more predictable states (Path B). Ze selection favors systems that minimize cumulative error. Postulate IV addresses the role of temporal potential: for finite Ze systems (biological organisms), the remaining tau is a dynamical variable. As tau depletes, the Ze velocity drifts toward 1, impedance Z_Ze diverges, and the Ze cheating index chi_Ze = 1 - Z_Ze declines toward zero. We propose chi_Ze as a biomarker of temporal potential and derive the Ze-Godel self-referential ceiling chi_Ze_self_max = Z*² ≈ 0.839 as a conjectured upper bound for living Ze systems. The framework is compared with Copenhagen, Many-Worlds, Relational Quantum Mechanics, and QBism, and biological implications — including aging as a v → v* → 1 trajectory — are discussed.
The Ze theory proposes a binary-process framework in which reality is not pre-given but materially instantiated through the activity of Ze systems — finite or infinite binary sequences whose statistical structure determines observational capacity and temporal depth. We ground the theory in a single foundational axiom: Axiom 0 (Ze Fundamental Duality) — time-directed and space-directed binary events carry opposite algebraic signs in every Ze invariant quantity. From this axiom alone we derive the Ze proper time, Ze velocity, impedance, and fixed point. We then develop and formally state four postulates of Ze theory as an observer-based theory of materialization. Postulate I asserts that a Ze system, through its binary process X = {x_k in {0,1}}, operates as a materializing observer: the probability of an event E conditioned on the existence of an observing Ze structure strictly exceeds the unconditioned probability. The Ze velocity v = N_S/(N-1) — the fraction of switching (S-) events among all transitions — parameterizes the system's observational coherence, with the fixed point v* = 0.45631 marking maximum materialization capacity. Postulate II generalizes this to passive Ze structures: existence alone, without active measurement or conscious involvement, is sufficient to bias materialization. A Ze sub-structure modifies boundary conditions of the local physical medium even when 'switched off'. Postulate III introduces the Ze-map — each Ze system's internal probabilistic model of interacting Ze systems — and connects prediction accuracy to temporal resource consumption. Prediction error epsilon drives depletion of Ze proper time: d-tau/dt = -alpha * epsilon. Two adaptation strategies emerge: improving internal model accuracy (Path A) or reshaping the observation apparatus to materialize more predictable states (Path B). Ze selection favors systems that minimize cumulative error. Postulate IV addresses the role of temporal potential: for finite Ze systems (biological organisms), the remaining tau is a dynamical variable. As tau depletes, the Ze velocity drifts toward 1, impedance Z_Ze diverges, and the Ze cheating index chi_Ze = 1 - Z_Ze declines toward zero. We propose chi_Ze as a biomarker of temporal potential and derive the Ze-Godel self-referential ceiling chi_Ze_self_max = Z*² ≈ 0.839 as a conjectured upper bound for living Ze systems. The framework is compared with Copenhagen, Many-Worlds, Relational Quantum Mechanics, and QBism, and biological implications — including aging as a v → v* → 1 trajectory — are discussed.