In standard quantum mechanics, the effects of write errors (imperfect Bell measurements) and guide errors (classical channel noise) on the final fidelity of quantum teleportation are considered to be nonlinearly coupled and inseparable. Based on the Instantaneous Teleportation Cosmos (ITC) theory, this paper proposes a testable prediction: write and guide errors are physically independent within the ITC framework. Furthermore, if the output quantum state is well approximated by a depolarized state, then the final fidelity satisfies the product relation in terms of information proportion: (2Ffinal−1)=(2Fwrite−1)×(2Fguide−1). We design an experimental scheme using a spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) entangled photon source, independently controlling the write fidelity (0.80–0.95) and the guide fidelity (0.80–1.00), and employ a chi‑square goodness‑of‑fit test to discriminate between the two frameworks at the 7σ significance level. Regardless of whether the experimental result supports or falsifies the product relation, it will provide critical constraints on the error mechanism of quantum teleportation: if the prediction holds, it would be consistent with the physical independence of the write and guide processes as posited by the ITC framework, motivating further theoretical scrutiny of both ITC and standard quantum mechanical noise models; if falsified, it would demonstrate a deviation from the strict product relation, thereby challenging the independence assumption of ITC and providing new empirical input for refining noise models in quantum teleportation. The proposed experiment is based on existing technology, requires a total of 200,000 events, and can be completed in about 55 hours of data acquisition, offering clear scientific value and feasibility.
In standard quantum mechanics, the effects of write errors (imperfect Bell measurements) and guide errors (classical channel noise) on the final fidelity of quantum teleportation are considered to be nonlinearly coupled and inseparable. Based on the Instantaneous Teleportation Cosmos (ITC) theory, this paper proposes a testable prediction: write and guide errors are physically independent within the ITC framework. Furthermore, if the output quantum state is well approximated by a depolarized state, then the final fidelity satisfies the product relation in terms of information proportion: (2Ffinal−1)=(2Fwrite−1)×(2Fguide−1). We design an experimental scheme using a spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) entangled photon source, independently controlling the write fidelity (0.80–0.95) and the guide fidelity (0.80–1.00), and employ a chi‑square goodness‑of‑fit test to discriminate between the two frameworks at the 7σ significance level. Regardless of whether the experimental result supports or falsifies the product relation, it will provide critical constraints on the error mechanism of quantum teleportation: if the prediction holds, it would be consistent with the physical independence of the write and guide processes as posited by the ITC framework, motivating further theoretical scrutiny of both ITC and standard quantum mechanical noise models; if falsified, it would demonstrate a deviation from the strict product relation, thereby challenging the independence assumption of ITC and providing new empirical input for refining noise models in quantum teleportation. The proposed experiment is based on existing technology, requires a total of 200,000 events, and can be completed in about 55 hours of data acquisition, offering clear scientific value and feasibility.
The nonlocality of quantum entanglement reveals instantaneous correlations that transcend classical spacetime, yet standard quantum mechanics merely accepts this as a brute fact without providing a deeper ontological explanation. This paper starts from a single irreducible first principle: matter, information, and energy can be transmitted with zero latency (instantaneously) between any two points in the universe. From this first principle, the Instantaneous Teleportation Cosmos (ITC) framework is constructed, and the nature of spacetime is redefined: spacetime is not ultimate reality but an emergent phenomenon projected from a deeper, non‑spatial basal structure. The basal structure possesses six basic properties—Storage Perfection (P1), Instantaneous Connectivity (P2), Mapping Determinacy (P3), Manifestation Finiteness (P4), Basal Resonance Tunability (P5), and Consciousness Coupling (P6). However, the framework lacks a rigorous axiomatic formulation and a precise mathematical model for these properties. This paper accomplishes two core tasks. First, we formulate P1–P6 as rigorous mathematical axioms, define the basal state space HB as a separable Hilbert space, prove the independence of the axioms, and derive the basal dynamical equation—the basal Schrödinger equation. Second, we propose a concrete mathematical model of the basal structure—a fully connected tensor network with a specific weight distribution and quantum state structure—and rigorously prove that this model naturally satisfies all requirements of these six properties. Within this framework, emergent spatial distance is shown to be proportional to the inverse of the weight, the maximally mixed state in standard quantum mechanics is a natural consequence of the network’s fully connected topology, and the graph Schrödinger equation converges to non-relativistic quantum mechanics in the continuum limit. This model provides a solid mathematical foundation for the ITC framework, completing its paradigm shift from “philosophical assertion” to “mathematical science.”
Quantum teleportation is a fundamental protocol in quantum information science, whose performance is conventionally evaluated under the assumption of ideal Bell-state measurements. In realistic implementations, however, joint measurements are often imperfect and can deviate from maximally entangled bases due to coherent errors in entangling operations. In this work, we analytically show how the entanglement of joint measurements determines teleportation performance, and we propose a strategy to overcome the limitations imposed by partially entangled joint measurements to recover the unit teleportation fidelity with a nonzero success probability. This is achieved by optimizing a reversing operation on the teleported state to compensate for the known coherent deformation of the Bell-state measurement. We then derive an exact equation revealing a quantitative relation between measurement entanglement, channel entanglement, and the success probability to realize the unit-fidelity two-qubit teleportation. We illustrate our results using elegant joint measurements and realistic coherent error models arising from imperfect entangling operations in quantum systems. Our work provides fundamental insight into the role of measurement entanglement in quantum teleportation and offers a practical framework for achieving faithful teleportation without requiring substantial modifications to existing hardware.
The nonlocal correlations of quantum entanglement have been unequivocally confirmed by experiments, yet standard quantum mechanics regards them as a fundamental, irreducible phenomenon. This paper asks: is there a deeper physical structure underlying entanglement? We propose the Instantaneous Teleportation Cosmos (ITC) framework as a theoretical model for such a deep structure, interpreting entangled particles as dual manifestations of the same basal storage unit. This basal structure possesses four core properties: Storage Perfection (P1), Instantaneous Connectivity (P2), Mapping Determinacy (P3), and Manifestation Finiteness (P4). The main obstacle to superluminal communication lies in P4: the randomness of single-shot measurements prevents direct information extraction. However, P4 does not forbid changes in statistical distributions–local modulation at the sender modifies the boundary conditions of the basal storage unit; through P2, this instantly affects the receiver’s basal state; and according to P3, such a change in the basal state necessarily alters the probability distribution at the receiver’s manifestation layer, manifesting as a tiny shift ΔP in the single-party probability. Based on the breakthrough 10‑km ion‑ion entanglement platform, we propose an immediately realizable experimental scheme: using a 7σ confidence standard, we will detect the significance of ΔP via a two‑sample z‑test, and directly measure the response delay with high‑precision timestamps. If ΔP is significantly non‑zero and the delay is much smaller than the light‑travel time, it would provide the first experimental evidence for the deep structure of entanglement; if no signal is observed, we will place stringent upper bounds on ΔP, thereby imposing the strictest test of the no-signaling theorem to date and severely restricting the possible space for a deep structure. The scheme employs the White Rabbit protocol for sub‑nanosecond time synchronization and includes false‑positive elimination measures such as zero‑entanglement control and fiber‑length variation. All necessary techniques are now mature, allowing the experiment to be performed immediately. This experiment constitutes a decisive test for the deep structure of quantum entanglement; regardless of the outcome, it will deepen our understanding of quantum nonlocality and causality.
Quantum teleportation establishes a correspondence between an entangled state shared by two separate parties that can communicate classically and the presence of a quantum channel connecting the two parties. The standard benchmark for quantum teleportation, based on the average fidelity between the input and output states, indicates that some entangled states do not lead to channels which can be certified to be quantum. It was recently shown that if one considers a finer-grained witness, then all entangled states can be certified to produce a nonclassical teleportation channel. Here we experimentally demonstrate a complete characterization of a new family of such witnesses, of the type proposed in Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 110501 (2017)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.119.110501 under different conditions of noise. We report nonclassical teleportation using quantum states that cannot achieve average fidelity of teleportation above the classical limit. We further use the violation of these witnesses to estimate the negativity of the shared state. Our results have fundamental implications in quantum information protocols and may also lead to new applications and quality certification of quantum technologies.
We present a density-matrix simulation framework for quantum teleportation that integrates a comprehensive set of physically motivated noise channels calibrated to contemporary superconducting processors. Departing from deferred-measurement simplifications, the simulator explicitly tracks measurement branches of the Bell measurement and models realistic effects, including readout misassignment, coherent control errors, leakage, crosstalk, and low-frequency dephasing. The framework produces an end-to-end error budget and is validated against experimental executions, with extensive statistical checks (bootstrap confidence intervals, hypothesis tests, and goodness-of-fit analysis) demonstrating close agreement between predicted and measured state-transfer behavior. Our analysis highlights readout misassignment as the dominant fidelity limiter in the measurement-based protocol and shows that targeted readout mitigation provides higher leverage than equivalent improvements in coherence alone. The implementation is extensible to multi-qubit and networked teleportation protocols and serves as a practical tool for forecasting teleportation performance on near-term quantum hardware.
Multipartite entangled states are essential for controlled quantum teleportation (CQT). CQT enables secure and conditional quantum information transfer among multiple parties. Recently, the six-qubit “tetrahedron” state was identified as a novel candidate for enabling CQT of a two-qubit state by Z. M. McIntyre and W. A. Coish (2024). Despite its theoretical promise, this state has yet to be experimentally realized. We will employ IBM Qiskit, a quantum computing software package, to perform a classical simulation of the tetrahedron state, modeling realistic conditions that include decoherence, state preparation errors, and measurement imperfections. By examining the influence of noise on entanglement and teleportation fidelity, we aim to gain insights into the state’s feasibility for near-term quantum hardware. This approach involves constructing the quantum circuit for the tetrahedron state, incorporating realistic noise models, and analyzing the cumulative effect of errors at each gate operation. Our ultimate goal is to identify critical noise thresholds that limit the state’s performance and inform future hardware implementations. The insights from these simulations will guide experimental efforts to realize the six-qubit tetrahedron state and advance controlled quantum teleportation protocols for multi-qubit systems.