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Scientific Reports

An efficient tripartite remote state preparation scheme with noise analysis

Mohammad Bolokian, Ali A. Orouji, Monireh Houshmand

Published Feb 4, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum teleportation relies on pre-existing entanglement, local operations and classical communication to transfer an unknown quantum state. Quantum remote state preparation (QRSP) shares the same objective, but the sender already knows the state to be transmitted. This research introduces an innovative tripartite scheme for QRSP, allowing three users to simultaneously send and receive single-qubit states. The scheme is further extended to accommodate the transmission of states with an arbitrary number of qubits among the users. The protocol's functionality is validated through circuit implementation in the Qiskit library, ensuring its practical feasibility. Additionally, its performance is analyzed in a noisy environment, providing insights into its robustness. The efficiency of the proposed protocols is compared with recent schemes, highlighting their advancements in quantum communication. Compared to previous tripartite RSP schemes, the proposed protocol achieves higher efficiency (η = 0.50), modular scalability, and experimental realizability using standard quantum gates. This study contributes to advancements in multi-user quantum communication, secure quantum cryptography, and quantum networking, paving the way for scalable quantum systems.

DOI
10.1038/s41598-026-35816-8

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Quantum teleportation relies on pre-existing entanglement, local operations and classical communication to transfer an unknown quantum state. Quantum remote state preparation (QRSP) shares the same objective, but the sender already knows the state to be transmitted. This research introduces an innovative tripartite scheme for QRSP, allowing three users to simultaneously send and receive single-qubit states. The scheme is further extended to accommodate the transmission of states with an arbitrary number of qubits among the users. The protocol's functionality is validated through circuit implementation in the Qiskit library, ensuring its practical feasibility. Additionally, its performance is analyzed in a noisy environment, providing insights into its robustness. The efficiency of the proposed protocols is compared with recent schemes, highlighting their advancements in quantum communication. Compared to previous tripartite RSP schemes, the proposed protocol achieves higher efficiency (η = 0.50), modular scalability, and experimental realizability using standard quantum gates. This study contributes to advancements in multi-user quantum communication, secure quantum cryptography, and quantum networking, paving the way for scalable quantum systems.
Transmission of quantum states is a central task in quantum information science. Remote state preparation (RSP) has the same goal as teleportation, i.e., transferring quantum information without sending physically the information carrier, but in RSP the sender knows the state which is to be transmitted. We present experimental demonstrations of RSP for two and three locations. In our experimental scheme Alice (the preparer) and her three partners share four and six photon polarization entangled singlets. This allows us to perform RSP of two or three copies of a single-qubit state, a two-qubit Bell state, and a three-qubit WWW, or W‾\overline{W}W state. A possibility to prepare two-qubit nonmaximally entangled and GHZ states is also discussed. The ability to remotely prepare an entangled states by local projections at Alice is a distinguishing feature of our scheme.
Abstract Quantum secure communication is divided into two key branches: quantum teleportation and quantum state remote preparation. The objective of quantum state remote preparation is to leverage classical communication and quantum entanglement for creating known quantum states at remote locations. Given that these known quantum states encompass amplitude coefficients, transmitting them over classical channels poses a security risk. This proposed solution emulates a scenario of three-party controlled remote preparation involving sender Alice, receivers Bob and Charlie, and controller Eve sharing an 8-bit quantum transmission channel. The plan entails preparing a dual quantum transmission channel at Bob and a triple quantum transmission channel at Charlie, followed by employing linear independent measurements and single quantum measurements, respectively. This approach effectively facilitates a positive operation at the receiving end to restore the original quantum state, ensuring secure quantum transmission. Furthermore, the solution integrates the Falcon post-quantum encryption algorithm for identity authentication on the amplitude coefficients, thereby thwarting potential information theft and tampering by malicious third parties. Through security analysis, efficiency comparisons, and validation via quantum simulators and Falcon code experiments, this solution notably enhances the efficiency of quantum state remote preparation while upholding performance integrity on classical channels. By enabling secure transmission on the channel, it enhances resilience against intermediary attacks.
We introduce a multipartite communication scheme, with the aim to enable the senders to remotely and obliviously provide the receivers with an arbitrary amount of multipartite entanglement. The scheme is similar to remote state preparation (RSP). However, we show that even though the receivers are restricted to local unitary operations, the required resources for remote entanglement preparation are less than for RSP. In order to do so we introduce a canonical form of arbitrary multipartite pure states describing an arbitrary number of qubits. Moreover, we show that if the receivers are enabled to perform arbitrary local operations and classical communication, the required resources can drastically be reduced. We employ this protocol to derive robust entanglement purification protocols for arbitrary pure states and show that it can also be used for sending classical information.
Quantum teleportation uses prior entanglement and forward classical communication to transmit one instance of an unknown quantum state. Remote state preparation (RSP) has the same goal, but the sender knows classically what state is to be transmitted. We show that the asymptotic classical communication cost of RSP is one bit per qubit--half that of teleportation--and even less when transmitting part of a known entangled state. We explore the tradeoff between entanglement and classical communication required for RSP, and discuss RSP capacities of general quantum channels.
Quantum teleportation has evolved from single-qubit, unidirectional communication to multi-qubit and multidirectional protocols. However, most existing schemes rely on protocol-specific entangled resources, motivating the development of universal quantum channels capable of supporting multiple communication tasks simultaneously. In this work, we demonstrate that a single twelve-qubit entangled channel exhibits such versatility by enabling the bidirectional teleportation of arbitrary three-qubit states and the cyclic teleportation of arbitrary two-qubit states through local Bell-state measurements and single-qubit operations. Both protocols are further generalized to multi-qubit and multi-party configurations, establishing the scalability of the proposed framework. To assess its practical applicability, the protocols are analyzed under amplitude-damping, phase-damping, bit-flip, phase-flip, and depolarizing noise channels by plotting the teleportation fidelity as a function of both the input-state parameters and noise strength. The analysis reveals distinct noise sensitivities, with the bidirectional protocol remaining perfectly faithful under bit-flip noise for all input states and noise strengths, while the cyclic protocol is consistently more vulnerable to environmental disturbances. The proposed schemes achieve an intrinsic efficiency of 25%25\%25%, which is compared with several existing protocols. The framework therefore provides a scalable and resource-efficient approach to unified quantum communication in realistic noisy quantum networks.