Classical foundation of quantum entanglement: there is no barrier in nature (extended 2)

F Ghaboussi

Jue Xu, Chu Zhao, Xiangran Zhang +2 more

Entanglement is not only the origin of exotic quantum phenomena, but also widely regarded as the fundamental barrier to classical simulation of quantum dynamics. We overturn this intuition: for predicting local observables under Hamiltonian evolution, entanglement in the quantum state actually heals the classical simulation error in the Heisenberg picture. Classical algorithms that propagate observables in the Pauli basis with proper truncation have shown remarkable empirical success in simulating noiseless quantum dynamics, yet all prior rigorous guarantees required noise or randomness---leaving the physically relevant noiseless regime without theoretical foundation. To close this gap, we prove that the truncation error of Low-weight Pauli Dynamics (LPD) admits an average-case bound without assuming randomness, provided the state is sufficiently entangled. Since tensor-network methods efficiently simulate low-entanglement states while LPD thrives precisely in the complementary regime, together they extend rigorous classical simulation to longer times, sharpening the boundary between classically simulable and genuinely quantum dynamics.

F Ghaboussi

Manuel Aschwanden

Linbin Zheng, Junheng Pan, Jau Tang

Quantum tunneling is conventionally described by the Schrödinger wave equation with a prescribed static potential barrier, providing accurate transmission probabilities but offering limited insight into the microscopic dynamics of particle–barrier interactions. In this work, we develop a dynamical second-quantization framework in which the barrier is modeled as an ensemble of quantized internal modes rather than as an externally imposed classical potential. The tunneling particle interacts directly with these microscopic barrier excitations through a coupled particle–barrier Hamiltonian, from which the Heisenberg equations of motion are derived. Collective coherent excitations of the barrier modes give rise to an emergent effective barrier that naturally recovers the conventional rectangular barrier and the WKB transmission limit under appropriate conditions. Unlike standard treatments, the present formulation explicitly incorporates microscopic barrier dynamics and provides a unified description of particle–barrier coupling within a second-quantized formalism. The framework further suggests that repeated tunneling events may experience different microscopic interaction histories, motivating a statistical interpretation of tunneling times. Because both the particle and barrier are treated within the same operator formalism, the theory provides a natural foundation for extension to relativistic quantum transport, photonic barriers, cavity quantum electrodynamics, and other structured quantum media.

K. Hess