Classical foundation of quantum entanglement: there is no barrier in nature (extended)

F Ghaboussi

Jue Xu, Chu Zhao, Xiangran Zhang +2 more

Entanglement is not only the origin of exotic quantum phenomena, but also widely regarded as the fundamental barrier to classical simulation of quantum dynamics. We overturn this intuition: for predicting local observables under Hamiltonian evolution, entanglement in the quantum state actually heals the classical simulation error in the Heisenberg picture. Classical algorithms that propagate observables in the Pauli basis with proper truncation have shown remarkable empirical success in simulating noiseless quantum dynamics, yet all prior rigorous guarantees required noise or randomness---leaving the physically relevant noiseless regime without theoretical foundation. To close this gap, we prove that the truncation error of Low-weight Pauli Dynamics (LPD) admits an average-case bound without assuming randomness, provided the state is sufficiently entangled. Since tensor-network methods efficiently simulate low-entanglement states while LPD thrives precisely in the complementary regime, together they extend rigorous classical simulation to longer times, sharpening the boundary between classically simulable and genuinely quantum dynamics.

F Ghaboussi

Manuel Aschwanden

K. Hess

Brian R. La Cour