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Secure Quantum Dialogue based on Non-orthogonal Entangled States and Local Unitary Operation

SANJU CHAUHAN, Narayan Lal Gupta

Published Jul 7, 2024• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We introduce a secure quantum dialogue scheme characterized by non-orthogonal entangled states that use the concept of superdense coding to obtain optimum efficiency and high resource capacity. In this scheme, two non-orthogonal four-qubit cluster states are deployed as a quantum channel to communicate four-qubit secret information by encrypting only two qubits. By virtue of the non-orthogonality of the quantum channel, the current approach can effectively prevent various sorts of viable unauthorized access while establishing a robust quantum channel. Furthermore, two security checks and authentication processes make it more secure, and it also overcomes the disadvantage of information loss and is technically attainable with present technology.

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We introduce a secure quantum dialogue scheme characterized by non-orthogonal entangled states that use the concept of superdense coding to obtain optimum efficiency and high resource capacity. In this scheme, two non-orthogonal four-qubit cluster states are deployed as a quantum channel to communicate four-qubit secret information by encrypting only two qubits. By virtue of the non-orthogonality of the quantum channel, the current approach can effectively prevent various sorts of viable unauthorized access while establishing a robust quantum channel. Furthermore, two security checks and authentication processes make it more secure, and it also overcomes the disadvantage of information loss and is technically attainable with present technology.
A protocol for quantum dialogue is proposed to exchange directly the communicator's secret messages by using a three-dimensional Bell state and a two-dimensional Bell state as quantum channel with quantum superdence coding, local collective unitary operations, and entanglement swapping. In this protocol, during the process of transmission of particles, the transmitted particles do not carry any secret messages and are transmitted only one time. The protocol has higher source capacity than protocols using symmetric two-dimensional states. The security is ensured by the unitary operations randomly performed on all checking groups before the particle sequence is transmitted and the application of entanglement swapping.
We propose a new quantum dialogue protocol based on non-maximally entangled Bell states. With single-qubit unitary operation, CNOT gate and the Positive Operator Valued Measure (POVM) technology, a quantum dialogue with certain capacity, can be implemented between two users Alice and Bob. This protocol firstly generalizes the quantum dialogue to a more general scenario which uses non-maximally entangled states as the quantum channel. Security analysis shows that our protocol can resist several well-known security issues. Moreover, it is simple and feasible with current techniques, and it demonstrates a good scalability.
Consider in an asymmetric scenario that Alice and Bob wish to communicate unequal amount of classical information, we propose an asymmetric quantum dialogue (QD) protocol based on the entanglement swapping between two-qubit bell state and four-qubit cluster state. In this scheme, assume that there are two legitimate participants Alice and Bob. In a dialogue, the information that is delivered by Alice to Bob is twice the amount of her information obtained from Bob. The analysis demonstrates that our protocol is efficient and can meet the requirements of unequal amount of information transmission in a real communication scenario. Moreover, we discuss the security of this protocol and it demonstrates that our protocol could resist an external attack.
The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) and advancements in quantum computing pose security challenges for IoT systems, encompassing classical attacks and quantum attacks. In this work, we concentrate on secure information exchange in the quantum IoT, mainly addressing the problem of establishing direct and secure quantum dialogue between two authorized IoT nodes located at a distance. The nonlocal quantum orthogonal product basis (OPB) is adopted for the first time, to our best knowledge, in a controlled quantum dialogue protocol, which eliminates the need for pre-key sharing or key storage. Through uniquely corresponding operations, private information is encrypted onto the nonlocal OPB, which is transmitted in one way. Compared with entangled states, the OPB is easier to prepare, thus reducing the quantum capability required for IoT nodes. Our approach achieves high transmission efficiency (57.1%) and qubit efficiency (100%) while providing comprehensive security measures that withstand various attacks and effectively prevent information leakage. Furthermore, an OPB-based self-error-correction quantum repeater is proposed to mitigate noise in the communication channel between distant IoT nodes. This repeater requires fewer physical resources compared with repeaters based on entangled states.
Based on the deterministic secure quantum communication, we present a novel quantum dialogue protocol without information leakage over the collective noise channel. The logical qubits and four-qubit decoherence-free states are introduced for resisting against collective-dephasing noise, collective-rotation noise and all kinds of unitary collective noise, respectively. Compared with the existing similar protocols, the analyses on security and information-theoretical efficiency show that the proposed protocol is more secure and efficient.