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Acta Physica Sinica

Observation of interaction-induced self-trapping in momentum lattices

An Feilong, WANG Yunfei, Li Yuqing, Wu Jizhou, Liu Wenliang, Li Peng, Fu Yongming, Liantuan Xiao, Jie Ma, Jia Suotang

Published Dec 23, 2025• 0 citations

Abstract

自俘获是指波（如光波或物质波）在系统非线性作用下，克服其固有的扩散趋势，从而在极小空间尺度内传播的现象，它是理解孤子形成、局域化行为等非线性物理过程的关键。动量晶格作为一种基于超冷原子分立动量态的合成维度，在拓扑物理、局域化等方向研究表现出巨大潜力，为研究自俘获效应提供了重要的实验平台。在动量晶格中，系统的非线性来源于原子间的相互作用，这会显著影响原子在动量晶格中的动力学演化特性，诱导产生宏观自俘获的现象，然而目前基于动量晶格的自俘获现象仍处于探索阶段。本研究基于超冷铯原子动量晶格，利用Feshbach共振技术调节原子s波散射长度，测量了不同相互作用强度下系统的动力学演化行为，随着原子间相互作用的增强，原子由零动量态向高动量态的扩散行为明显受到抑制，在强相互作用区间表现出宏观自俘获现象。研究过程选择动量分布宽度d来量化分析原子的动力学特征。实验结果为基于动量晶格实现量子多体物理的研究提供了重要参考。

DOI: 10.7498/aps.75.20251439

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自俘获是指波（如光波或物质波）在系统非线性作用下，克服其固有的扩散趋势，从而在极小空间尺度内传播的现象，它是理解孤子形成、局域化行为等非线性物理过程的关键。动量晶格作为一种基于超冷原子分立动量态的合成维度，在拓扑物理、局域化等方向研究表现出巨大潜力，为研究自俘获效应提供了重要的实验平台。在动量晶格中，系统的非线性来源于原子间的相互作用，这会显著影响原子在动量晶格中的动力学演化特性，诱导产生宏观自俘获的现象，然而目前基于动量晶格的自俘获现象仍处于探索阶段。本研究基于超冷铯原子动量晶格，利用Feshbach共振技术调节原子s波散射长度，测量了不同相互作用强度下系统的动力学演化行为，随着原子间相互作用的增强，原子由零动量态向高动量态的扩散行为明显受到抑制，在强相互作用区间表现出宏观自俘获现象。研究过程选择动量分布宽度d来量化分析原子的动力学特征。实验结果为基于动量晶格实现量子多体物理的研究提供了重要参考。

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原子间相互作用的调控在超冷原子多体物理的量子模拟研究中起着关键性作用，目前已经成为很多物理现象的重要诱导机制。本工作基于超冷铯原子动量晶格实验装置，研究了一维倾斜动量晶格中原子相互作用对Stark局域化的影响。实验首先在无相互作用条件下通过设置拉曼激光失谐量控制一维动量晶格链发生倾斜，利用时间飞行法测量原子的动力学演化行为，观测到一维链的Stark局域化现象，并引入动量分布宽度d量化该过程。然后利用Feshbach共振技术精密调控铯原子相互作用强度U，研究原子间排斥相互作用对局域化动力学的影响。实验数据显示，系统局域化临界点F_c随U增大呈线性下降趋势，当U/J=0时，F_c=2.85，当相互作用增强至U/J=2.9时，F_c=1.48。研究结果表明，在动量空间中原子间排斥相互作用可加快Stark局域化进程，该实验结果为研究长程相互作用系统的多体局域化动力学机制提供了新的实验依据。

Self-trapping is a hallmark phenomenon of nonlinear dynamics. It has significant applications in modern physics, including band structure engineering, phase transition dynamics, quantum metrology, and more. Dilute-gas Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs), in which self-trapping can arise from interatomic interactions, are a prime testbed for probing nonlinear dynamics. In this Letter, we report the observation of self-trapping in a spin-orbit coupled BEC subjected to a stationary optical lattice. We employ Raman-induced spin-orbit coupling, complemented by a matching optical lattice that facilitates coupling between momentum eigenstates of the spin-orbit coupled system. By ramping the Raman detuning, we probe atomic current flow between these eigenstates and identify a clear distinction between a delocalized mixed state and a self-trapped regime. Following a quench of the Raman detuning, the time-averaged atomic current exhibits non-analytic behavior across the transition between these two regimes in certain parameter ranges, signaling a dynamical phase transition in the system.

The Creutz ladder model is studied in the presence of unconventional flux induced by complex tunneling rates along and between the two legs. In the vortex phase, the double-minima band structure is regarded as a double well. By introducing a tunable coupling between the two momentum minima, we demonstrate a phenomenon of Josephson oscillations in momentum space. The condensate density locked in one of the momentum valleys is referred to as macroscopic quantum self-trapping. The on-site interaction of the lattice provides an effective analogy to the double-well model within the two-mode approximation which allows for a quantitative understanding of the Josephson effect and the self-trapping in momentum space.

We study the influence of atomic interactions on quantum simulations in momentum-space lattices (MSLs), where driven transitions between discrete momentum states mimic transport between sites of a synthetic lattice. Low-energy atomic collisions, which are short ranged in real space, relate to nearly infinite-ranged interactions in momentum space. However, the added exchange energy between atoms in distinguishable momentum states leads to an effectively attractive, finite-ranged interaction between atoms in momentum space. In this Letter, we observe the onset of self-trapping driven by such interactions in a momentum-space double well, paving the way for more complex many-body studies in tailored MSLs. We consider the types of phenomena that may result from these interactions, including the formation of chiral solitons in zigzag flux lattices.