Demonstrating that macroscopic objects can display quantum behaviour, which is usually associated with the microscopic world of atoms, is a long-standing goal in physics. That goal is now within closer reach.
Quantum effects usually manifest themselves only in the microscopic world of atoms, whereas macroscopic objects of the everyday world follow the classical laws of Newtonian mechanics. But can large objects also behave quantum mechanically? In his Perspective,
Blencowe
discusses work reported in the same issue by
LaHaye
et al. on attempts to observe the phenomenon of Heisenberg9s uncertainty principle in a relatively large vibrating beam. Although still small by everyday standards, the microfabricated beam consists of about 10atoms. The measurements indicate that the apparatus is within striking distance of direct observation of quantum fluctuations.
Quantum fluids are fluids, indeed. We have seen in the previous chapter what it means from a classical physics point of view. But quantum fluids are by definition ruled by quantum physics, as well. The goal of this chapter is to introduce some key concepts of quantum physics necessary to understand what makes a fluid a quantum one or rather what quantum property makes an ensemble of particles a quantum fluid. We are here precisely at the edge of our basic intuition of quantum physics. Indeed, one usually associates the notion of quantum object to a microscopic nature and it may thus a priori seem paradoxical to link the word quantum to a macroscopic object, such as the notion of fluid. Thinking it over a bit deeper, quantum physics is certainly present at all scales and we are confronted with quantum mechanics through the many electronic devices which have invaded our everyday life. And it actually turns out that, as we will see later on, most of these quantum devices are directly connected to the notion of quantum fluids, the case of electron fluids being certainly the most common one in such devices. Quantum physics has for sure deeply modified our everyday life. But it has also changed our perception of the world, and as we shall see in this chapter, it is precisely this new vision of the world which allows us to understand the concept of quantum fluids underlying so many physical systems.
Quantum mechanics, with its counterintuitive principles and probabilistic nature, has long been confined to the microscopic realm of atoms and photons. Yet, recent breakthroughs have pushed the boundaries of quantum behavior into the macroscopic world, where objects are visible to the naked eye and governed by classical physics. This review article traces the extraordinary progress toward achieving coherent control of population distributions among multiple quantum levels, as well as manipulation of absorption and refractive index, in such large-scale quantum systems, a feat once considered beyond reach.
The main argument by proponents of Many-World interpretations of quantum mechanics is that as more and more previously disentangled degrees of freedom become entangled with the microscopic degree we measure, there is no way of telling when the measurement (in the sense of a collapse of the wave function) should occur. Here, we introduce the concept of quantum interlinking, and argue that all macroscopic objects in the universe are connected through links of mutual entanglement while the objects themselves are (for the most part) not entangled. The measurement occurs when the degree we measure becomes entangled with any macroscopic object, and hence interlinked with all of them. This picture resolves long standing paradoxes such as Schrödinger's cat and EPR.