We established the need for comparative analysis and evaluation of the possibility to use asymmetric post-quantum cryptographic mechanisms. In order to compare, a procedure for evaluation was selected based on integral assessments of unconditional and conditional criteria. An analysis was conducted among the algorithms that fulfilled general unconditional criteria. As conditional criteria, we chose numerical characteristics of algorithms. In addition, additional unconditional criteria were put forward that differed depending on the conditions of use. The relevance of present research is associated with the emergence of a quantum computer. Previous studies have already proved that the existing cryptographic algorithms are vulnerable to the methods of quantum cryptanalysis. That is why, at present, leading organizations in the standardization of crypto algorithms conduct research and comparisons for selecting the post-quantum standard of cryptography.As a result of present research, we found a lack of a universal post-quantum cryptographic algorithm. In addition, not all algorithms can be employed under different conditions. It is proposed to separate three variants in the application of post-quantum algorithms: for lightweight cryptography, for the use by standard automated systems and use in a cloud-based environment. For all conditions of use, a separate evaluation of benefits in the cryptographic algorithms was carried out. We detected shortcomings in the leading candidate in that it may possible have a reduced resistance for the specialized quantum attack. That is why the recommendations were given to employ these algorithms as the basic ones in the transition period. And, if the suspicion is confirmed, then we proposed alternatives for each variant of application. Results of present research allow us to understand current state in the development of post-quantum crypto algorithms and to predict their possible further development.This forecast is important in that the post-quantum cryptographic mechanisms represent a new stage in the development and use of cryptography. In addition, the practical value of the research consists in obtaining the evaluation for post-quantum algorithms, depending on the conditions of their application.
We established the need for comparative analysis and evaluation of the possibility to use asymmetric post-quantum cryptographic mechanisms. In order to compare, a procedure for evaluation was selected based on integral assessments of unconditional and conditional criteria. An analysis was conducted among the algorithms that fulfilled general unconditional criteria. As conditional criteria, we chose numerical characteristics of algorithms. In addition, additional unconditional criteria were put forward that differed depending on the conditions of use. The relevance of present research is associated with the emergence of a quantum computer. Previous studies have already proved that the existing cryptographic algorithms are vulnerable to the methods of quantum cryptanalysis. That is why, at present, leading organizations in the standardization of crypto algorithms conduct research and comparisons for selecting the post-quantum standard of cryptography.As a result of present research, we found a lack of a universal post-quantum cryptographic algorithm. In addition, not all algorithms can be employed under different conditions. It is proposed to separate three variants in the application of post-quantum algorithms: for lightweight cryptography, for the use by standard automated systems and use in a cloud-based environment. For all conditions of use, a separate evaluation of benefits in the cryptographic algorithms was carried out. We detected shortcomings in the leading candidate in that it may possible have a reduced resistance for the specialized quantum attack. That is why the recommendations were given to employ these algorithms as the basic ones in the transition period. And, if the suspicion is confirmed, then we proposed alternatives for each variant of application. Results of present research allow us to understand current state in the development of post-quantum crypto algorithms and to predict their possible further development.This forecast is important in that the post-quantum cryptographic mechanisms represent a new stage in the development and use of cryptography. In addition, the practical value of the research consists in obtaining the evaluation for post-quantum algorithms, depending on the conditions of their application.
We established the need for comparative analysis and evaluation of the possibility to use asymmetric post-quantum cryptographic mechanisms. In order to compare, a procedure for evaluation was selected based on integral assessments of unconditional and conditional criteria. An analysis was conducted among the algorithms that fulfilled general unconditional criteria. As conditional criteria, we chose numerical characteristics of algorithms. In addition, additional unconditional criteria were put forward that differed depending on the conditions of use. The relevance of present research is associated with the emergence of a quantum computer. Previous studies have already proved that the existing cryptographic algorithms are vulnerable to the methods of quantum cryptanalysis. That is why, at present, leading organizations in the standardization of crypto algorithms conduct research and comparisons for selecting the post-quantum standard of cryptography.As a result of present research, we found a lack of a universal post-quantum cryptographic algorithm. In addition, not all algorithms can be employed under different conditions. It is proposed to separate three variants in the application of post-quantum algorithms: for lightweight cryptography, for the use by standard automated systems and use in a cloud-based environment. For all conditions of use, a separate evaluation of benefits in the cryptographic algorithms was carried out. We detected shortcomings in the leading candidate in that it may possible have a reduced resistance for the specialized quantum attack. That is why the recommendations were given to employ these algorithms as the basic ones in the transition period. And, if the suspicion is confirmed, then we proposed alternatives for each variant of application. Results of present research allow us to understand current state in the development of post-quantum crypto algorithms and to predict their possible further development.This forecast is important in that the post-quantum cryptographic mechanisms represent a new stage in the development and use of cryptography. In addition, the practical value of the research consists in obtaining the evaluation for post-quantum algorithms, depending on the conditions of their application.
Due to the development of technologies for quantum computing and the introduction of quantum computer, there is a threat to the current state of protection of cryptographic systems with a public key. With an advent of quantum computer that would have the volume of register required for the methods of quantum cryptanalysis, the stability of existing crypto algorithms will significantly degrade. This necessitates the creation of algorithms resistant to the methods of quantum cryptanalysis. The European project «New European Schemes for Signatures, Integrity, and Encryptions» (NESSIE) and the National Institute of Standards and Technologies (NIST) of the USA announced a start of recruiting the applicants for the contest of post-quantum algorithms whose standards are planned to be adopted over 2020–2022. In order to compare, a procedure for evaluation was selected based on integral assessments of unconditional and conditional criteria. An analysis was conducted among the algorithms that fulfilled general unconditional criteria. As conditional criteria, we chose numerical characteristics of algorithms. In addition, additional unconditional criteria were put forward.A relevant task is the comparative analysis and evaluation of a possibility to use the post-quantum mechanisms, which are represented by the algorithms that already exist, depending on the conditions of applying them. At present, only the possibility of using the appropriate crypto transformations over a post-quantum period is being examined, but the analysis of advantages of one over another has not been run yet. In addition, it is necessary to evaluate the very possibility to use such algorithms taking into account those constraints that are imposed by the existing information systems.Results of present research allow us to understand current state in the development of post-quantum crypto algorithms and to predict their possible further development.This forecast is important in that the post-quantum cryptographic mechanisms represent a new stage in the development and use of cryptography. In addition, the practical value of the research consists in obtaining the evaluation for post-quantum algorithms.
The development of quantum computers is one of the most significant technological developments of our time, opening new horizons in computing capabilities. However, it also poses serious threats to existing cryptographic algorithms, which are the basis of the security of modern information systems. The paper presents the results of research on post-quantum cryptography and its role in ensuring information security in the context of the development of quantum computers. The purpose of this paper is to compare modern post-quantum, i.e., quantum-stable cryptographic algorithms, assess their applicability for different classes of tasks, and predict the development paths of cryptographic methods for information protection. To achieve this goal, methods of comparative analysis and mathematical modeling are used, which allow for assessing the effectiveness and security of algorithms in different conditions. The study results show that post-quantum algorithms provide reliable information protection in the context of potential quantum attacks while maintaining a high-efficiency level. The conclusions emphasize the need to adapt existing cryptographic systems to new security requirements, particularly through integrating post-quantum algorithms into cloud services and blockchain technologies. The research results can be used to improve data protection mechanisms in information systems and to develop new cryptographic standards in the era of quantum computing. Therefore, plans for future research are outlined, namely: the effectiveness of implementing post-quantum algorithms in various industries, including finance, medicine, and government, will be analyzed; methods for optimizing cryptographic systems will be developed to ensure a balance between security and performance; new mathematical approaches will be studied that can be used to create quantum-resistant algorithms.
The article investigates the problem of ensuring cryptographic stability of information and communication systems in the conditions of increasing intensity of cyber threats and development of quantum computing, which reduces the efficiency of classical cryptographic algorithms. An analysis of modern approaches to the application of post-quantum cryptographic algorithms was conducted, which showed their predominantly static nature of use without taking into account the dynamics of changes in the operating environment, risk level and attack parameters. The need to develop adaptive mechanisms for selecting cryptographic algorithms capable of providing an appropriate level of protection in conditions of changing threats was substantiated. A model for dynamic selection of post-quantum cryptographic algorithms based on an integral assessment of efficiency and risk is proposed, which allows taking into account both the technical characteristics of the algorithms (speed, cryptographic stability, resource intensity) and the current state of system security. An integral efficiency indicator and a risk function are introduced within the model, which are formed taking into account the level of vulnerabilities, threat intensity and criticality of information resources. An adaptation mechanism is implemented, which provides automatic review and selection of the optimal algorithm depending on the change in risk in real time. The results of the study indicate that the use of the proposed model creates the prerequisites for increasing the level of cryptographic protection, provides a formalized basis for adaptive management of the system's functioning, and allows for reasonable optimization of the use of computing resources. The results obtained confirm the scientific novelty and practical feasibility of implementing adaptive approaches to cryptographic protection of information and communication systems. Keywords: post-quantum cryptography, information and communication systems, cryptographic protection, integral risk assessment, adaptive model, dynamic algorithm selection, cybersecurity
The continuous development of quantum computing requires the development of cryptographic algorithms resistant to quantum cryptanalysis. Therefore, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is holding a competition to standardize algorithms in the post-quantum period, including Crystals-Dilithium, Falcon, and Sphincs+ for digital signatures. In order to determine the ways of development and ways to improve the existing methods of cryptographic protection and electronic digital signature (EDS), an urgent task arose to assess the effectiveness (stability and computational complexity) of existing EDS algorithms. In this paper, a comparative evaluation of EDS algorithms was carried out by key indicators. Research results show the disadvantages and advantages of each algorithm, taking into account the importance of context-specific use. The conclusions indicate that Dilithium has the lowest load on the system's computing resources, Falcon stands out for its signature verification speed, and Sphincs+ provides reliable security. The capabilities of existing cryptographic transformation algorithms based on elliptic curves do not meet the growing need of authentication algorithms resistance to quantum cryptanalysis, and the use of modern candidates for the post-quantum cryptography standard does not allow for a short-term transition to the usage of new cryptographic algorithms in information systems. The paper also points out the impossibility of simultaneous transition to potentially quantum cryptanalysis-resistant algorithms in existing information systems. The direction of further research is the development of new cryptoalgorithms and methods that will ensure the integrity and confidentiality of information during its transmission over unprotected channels in the transition period to the widespread use and implementation of post-quantum cryptography standards.
At present and in the future, mathematical methods, mechanisms and algorithms of standardized asymmetric cryptotransformations such as electronic signature (ES) are and will be used for information cryptographic protection. Electronic signature is the main and essential component of cybersecurity, in terms of providing quality information security services such as integrity, irresistibility and authenticity of information and data processed. However, there are well-founded suspicions that in the post-quantum period the existing ES standards will be broken and compromised using classical and quantum cryptanalytic systems with appropriate mathematical, software and hardware-software. An analysis was performed, which confirms that quantum computers have already been developed, manufactured and used. It is believed that the actual state of development and use of powerful quantum computers and their mathematical and software is obviously strictly confidential and secure, and only publicly known data on quantum computers and their applications in cryptology are disclosed. A preliminary analysis has been carried out showing that in Ukraine there is an understanding of the existence of threats to cybersecurity and information security in the case of using available standardized ES in the transition and post-quantum periods. Currently, development and adoption of post-quantum ES standards is also one of the main issues in ensuring the necessary levels of security in the transition and post-quantum periods. The objective of this article is to substantiate, compare alternatives and develop proposals for the selection and standardization of post-quantum ES standards at the international and national levels, taking into account the results of the 2nd and 3rd rounds of the NIST US competition and national researches.