We established the need for comparative analysis and evaluation of the possibility to use asymmetric post-quantum cryptographic mechanisms. In order to compare, a procedure for evaluation was selected based on integral assessments of unconditional and conditional criteria. An analysis was conducted among the algorithms that fulfilled general unconditional criteria. As conditional criteria, we chose numerical characteristics of algorithms. In addition, additional unconditional criteria were put forward that differed depending on the conditions of use. The relevance of present research is associated with the emergence of a quantum computer. Previous studies have already proved that the existing cryptographic algorithms are vulnerable to the methods of quantum cryptanalysis. That is why, at present, leading organizations in the standardization of crypto algorithms conduct research and comparisons for selecting the post-quantum standard of cryptography.As a result of present research, we found a lack of a universal post-quantum cryptographic algorithm. In addition, not all algorithms can be employed under different conditions. It is proposed to separate three variants in the application of post-quantum algorithms: for lightweight cryptography, for the use by standard automated systems and use in a cloud-based environment. For all conditions of use, a separate evaluation of benefits in the cryptographic algorithms was carried out. We detected shortcomings in the leading candidate in that it may possible have a reduced resistance for the specialized quantum attack. That is why the recommendations were given to employ these algorithms as the basic ones in the transition period. And, if the suspicion is confirmed, then we proposed alternatives for each variant of application. Results of present research allow us to understand current state in the development of post-quantum crypto algorithms and to predict their possible further development.This forecast is important in that the post-quantum cryptographic mechanisms represent a new stage in the development and use of cryptography. In addition, the practical value of the research consists in obtaining the evaluation for post-quantum algorithms, depending on the conditions of their application.
We established the need for comparative analysis and evaluation of the possibility to use asymmetric post-quantum cryptographic mechanisms. In order to compare, a procedure for evaluation was selected based on integral assessments of unconditional and conditional criteria. An analysis was conducted among the algorithms that fulfilled general unconditional criteria. As conditional criteria, we chose numerical characteristics of algorithms. In addition, additional unconditional criteria were put forward that differed depending on the conditions of use. The relevance of present research is associated with the emergence of a quantum computer. Previous studies have already proved that the existing cryptographic algorithms are vulnerable to the methods of quantum cryptanalysis. That is why, at present, leading organizations in the standardization of crypto algorithms conduct research and comparisons for selecting the post-quantum standard of cryptography.As a result of present research, we found a lack of a universal post-quantum cryptographic algorithm. In addition, not all algorithms can be employed under different conditions. It is proposed to separate three variants in the application of post-quantum algorithms: for lightweight cryptography, for the use by standard automated systems and use in a cloud-based environment. For all conditions of use, a separate evaluation of benefits in the cryptographic algorithms was carried out. We detected shortcomings in the leading candidate in that it may possible have a reduced resistance for the specialized quantum attack. That is why the recommendations were given to employ these algorithms as the basic ones in the transition period. And, if the suspicion is confirmed, then we proposed alternatives for each variant of application. Results of present research allow us to understand current state in the development of post-quantum crypto algorithms and to predict their possible further development.This forecast is important in that the post-quantum cryptographic mechanisms represent a new stage in the development and use of cryptography. In addition, the practical value of the research consists in obtaining the evaluation for post-quantum algorithms, depending on the conditions of their application.
We established the need for comparative analysis and evaluation of the possibility to use asymmetric post-quantum cryptographic mechanisms. In order to compare, a procedure for evaluation was selected based on integral assessments of unconditional and conditional criteria. An analysis was conducted among the algorithms that fulfilled general unconditional criteria. As conditional criteria, we chose numerical characteristics of algorithms. In addition, additional unconditional criteria were put forward that differed depending on the conditions of use. The relevance of present research is associated with the emergence of a quantum computer. Previous studies have already proved that the existing cryptographic algorithms are vulnerable to the methods of quantum cryptanalysis. That is why, at present, leading organizations in the standardization of crypto algorithms conduct research and comparisons for selecting the post-quantum standard of cryptography.As a result of present research, we found a lack of a universal post-quantum cryptographic algorithm. In addition, not all algorithms can be employed under different conditions. It is proposed to separate three variants in the application of post-quantum algorithms: for lightweight cryptography, for the use by standard automated systems and use in a cloud-based environment. For all conditions of use, a separate evaluation of benefits in the cryptographic algorithms was carried out. We detected shortcomings in the leading candidate in that it may possible have a reduced resistance for the specialized quantum attack. That is why the recommendations were given to employ these algorithms as the basic ones in the transition period. And, if the suspicion is confirmed, then we proposed alternatives for each variant of application. Results of present research allow us to understand current state in the development of post-quantum crypto algorithms and to predict their possible further development.This forecast is important in that the post-quantum cryptographic mechanisms represent a new stage in the development and use of cryptography. In addition, the practical value of the research consists in obtaining the evaluation for post-quantum algorithms, depending on the conditions of their application.
Due to the development of technologies for quantum computing and the introduction of quantum computer, there is a threat to the current state of protection of cryptographic systems with a public key. With an advent of quantum computer that would have the volume of register required for the methods of quantum cryptanalysis, the stability of existing crypto algorithms will significantly degrade. This necessitates the creation of algorithms resistant to the methods of quantum cryptanalysis. The European project «New European Schemes for Signatures, Integrity, and Encryptions» (NESSIE) and the National Institute of Standards and Technologies (NIST) of the USA announced a start of recruiting the applicants for the contest of post-quantum algorithms whose standards are planned to be adopted over 2020–2022. In order to compare, a procedure for evaluation was selected based on integral assessments of unconditional and conditional criteria. An analysis was conducted among the algorithms that fulfilled general unconditional criteria. As conditional criteria, we chose numerical characteristics of algorithms. In addition, additional unconditional criteria were put forward.A relevant task is the comparative analysis and evaluation of a possibility to use the post-quantum mechanisms, which are represented by the algorithms that already exist, depending on the conditions of applying them. At present, only the possibility of using the appropriate crypto transformations over a post-quantum period is being examined, but the analysis of advantages of one over another has not been run yet. In addition, it is necessary to evaluate the very possibility to use such algorithms taking into account those constraints that are imposed by the existing information systems.Results of present research allow us to understand current state in the development of post-quantum crypto algorithms and to predict their possible further development.This forecast is important in that the post-quantum cryptographic mechanisms represent a new stage in the development and use of cryptography. In addition, the practical value of the research consists in obtaining the evaluation for post-quantum algorithms.
Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) is a rapidly developing field that addresses the potential threat quantum computers pose to the security of current cryptographic algorithms. With the rapid advancement of quantum computing technologies, it has become imperative to identify and standardize new cryptographic techniques that can withstand attacks from quantum computers. This paper explores the motivation behind PQC and provides an overview of the experimental research conducted in the field. It highlights the vulnerabilities of traditional cryptographic algorithms, such as RSA and ECC, to quantum attacks and emphasizes the need for transitioning to quantum-resistant alternatives. The experiments conducted in the PQC domain encompass the evaluation and analysis of candidate algorithms submitted to the NIST PQC competition. These experiments involve comprehensive security assessments, performance evaluations, and code audits to ensure the suitability and effectiveness of the proposed algorithms in real-world scenarios. This paper provides guidelines for organizations and practitioners adopting PQC. It discusses considerations for selecting and implementing post-quantum cryptographic algorithms, including security levels, algorithmic characteristics, performance tradeoffs, and integration challenges. It also outlines the importance of a smooth transition from classical to post-quantum cryptographic systems and highlights the need for standardization efforts to ensure interoperability and compatibility.
The development of quantum computers is one of the most significant technological developments of our time, opening new horizons in computing capabilities. However, it also poses serious threats to existing cryptographic algorithms, which are the basis of the security of modern information systems. The paper presents the results of research on post-quantum cryptography and its role in ensuring information security in the context of the development of quantum computers. The purpose of this paper is to compare modern post-quantum, i.e., quantum-stable cryptographic algorithms, assess their applicability for different classes of tasks, and predict the development paths of cryptographic methods for information protection. To achieve this goal, methods of comparative analysis and mathematical modeling are used, which allow for assessing the effectiveness and security of algorithms in different conditions. The study results show that post-quantum algorithms provide reliable information protection in the context of potential quantum attacks while maintaining a high-efficiency level. The conclusions emphasize the need to adapt existing cryptographic systems to new security requirements, particularly through integrating post-quantum algorithms into cloud services and blockchain technologies. The research results can be used to improve data protection mechanisms in information systems and to develop new cryptographic standards in the era of quantum computing. Therefore, plans for future research are outlined, namely: the effectiveness of implementing post-quantum algorithms in various industries, including finance, medicine, and government, will be analyzed; methods for optimizing cryptographic systems will be developed to ensure a balance between security and performance; new mathematical approaches will be studied that can be used to create quantum-resistant algorithms.
At present and in the future, mathematical methods, mechanisms and algorithms of standardized asymmetric cryptotransformations such as electronic signature (ES) are and will be used for information cryptographic protection. Electronic signature is the main and essential component of cybersecurity, in terms of providing quality information security services such as integrity, irresistibility and authenticity of information and data processed. However, there are well-founded suspicions that in the post-quantum period the existing ES standards will be broken and compromised using classical and quantum cryptanalytic systems with appropriate mathematical, software and hardware-software. An analysis was performed, which confirms that quantum computers have already been developed, manufactured and used. It is believed that the actual state of development and use of powerful quantum computers and their mathematical and software is obviously strictly confidential and secure, and only publicly known data on quantum computers and their applications in cryptology are disclosed. A preliminary analysis has been carried out showing that in Ukraine there is an understanding of the existence of threats to cybersecurity and information security in the case of using available standardized ES in the transition and post-quantum periods. Currently, development and adoption of post-quantum ES standards is also one of the main issues in ensuring the necessary levels of security in the transition and post-quantum periods. The objective of this article is to substantiate, compare alternatives and develop proposals for the selection and standardization of post-quantum ES standards at the international and national levels, taking into account the results of the 2nd and 3rd rounds of the NIST US competition and national researches.
Currently, world civilization is taking significant steps in science and practice related to quantum calculations. Significant steps are being taken to achieve the competitive advantage of countries in the field of quantum information science and the practice of introducing quantum technologies. Scientific and practical research is first aimed at reducing the risks related to quantum computers on cybersecurity, economic and national security. Although the full range of quantum computers is still unknown, it is obvious that further technological and scientific leadership of states will at least partially depend on the country's ability to maintain a competitive advantage in quantum computing and quantum information science. However, along with the potential advantages, quantum calculations are likely to cause significant risks about economic and national security. Specific actions are determined that technologically developed states that begin a long-term process of transferring vulnerable computer systems to quantum-resistant cryptography. An important problem in cryptology is to analyze ways of reducing risks for vulnerable cryptographic systems and the state of their development, adoption and implementation at the international and national levels of post-quantum standards of asymmetric cryptotransformations of electronic signatures (ES), asymmetric ciphers (AC) and key encapsulation protocols (KEP). Therefore, the processes of reducing risks for vulnerable existing standardized cryptographic systems and determining the directions of development of mathematical methods and the study of the prospects for their application in the creation of standardized AC, KEP and ES are significantly significant. They are reduced to justification and definition of mathematical methods and mechanisms that will create promising (post-quantum) standardized AC, KEP and ES. The course of analysis, evaluation and results of comparison of existing and post-quantum asymmetric cryptotransformations of AC, KEP and ES, and standardization at the international and national levels, including for transitional and post-quantum periods, are the main objective of this article.