The development of quantum computers is one of the most significant technological developments of our time, opening new horizons in computing capabilities. However, it also poses serious threats to existing cryptographic algorithms, which are the basis of the security of modern information systems. The paper presents the results of research on post-quantum cryptography and its role in ensuring information security in the context of the development of quantum computers. The purpose of this paper is to compare modern post-quantum, i.e., quantum-stable cryptographic algorithms, assess their applicability for different classes of tasks, and predict the development paths of cryptographic methods for information protection. To achieve this goal, methods of comparative analysis and mathematical modeling are used, which allow for assessing the effectiveness and security of algorithms in different conditions. The study results show that post-quantum algorithms provide reliable information protection in the context of potential quantum attacks while maintaining a high-efficiency level. The conclusions emphasize the need to adapt existing cryptographic systems to new security requirements, particularly through integrating post-quantum algorithms into cloud services and blockchain technologies. The research results can be used to improve data protection mechanisms in information systems and to develop new cryptographic standards in the era of quantum computing. Therefore, plans for future research are outlined, namely: the effectiveness of implementing post-quantum algorithms in various industries, including finance, medicine, and government, will be analyzed; methods for optimizing cryptographic systems will be developed to ensure a balance between security and performance; new mathematical approaches will be studied that can be used to create quantum-resistant algorithms.
The development of quantum computers is one of the most significant technological developments of our time, opening new horizons in computing capabilities. However, it also poses serious threats to existing cryptographic algorithms, which are the basis of the security of modern information systems. The paper presents the results of research on post-quantum cryptography and its role in ensuring information security in the context of the development of quantum computers. The purpose of this paper is to compare modern post-quantum, i.e., quantum-stable cryptographic algorithms, assess their applicability for different classes of tasks, and predict the development paths of cryptographic methods for information protection. To achieve this goal, methods of comparative analysis and mathematical modeling are used, which allow for assessing the effectiveness and security of algorithms in different conditions. The study results show that post-quantum algorithms provide reliable information protection in the context of potential quantum attacks while maintaining a high-efficiency level. The conclusions emphasize the need to adapt existing cryptographic systems to new security requirements, particularly through integrating post-quantum algorithms into cloud services and blockchain technologies. The research results can be used to improve data protection mechanisms in information systems and to develop new cryptographic standards in the era of quantum computing. Therefore, plans for future research are outlined, namely: the effectiveness of implementing post-quantum algorithms in various industries, including finance, medicine, and government, will be analyzed; methods for optimizing cryptographic systems will be developed to ensure a balance between security and performance; new mathematical approaches will be studied that can be used to create quantum-resistant algorithms.
The article investigates the problem of ensuring cryptographic stability of information and communication systems in the conditions of increasing intensity of cyber threats and development of quantum computing, which reduces the efficiency of classical cryptographic algorithms. An analysis of modern approaches to the application of post-quantum cryptographic algorithms was conducted, which showed their predominantly static nature of use without taking into account the dynamics of changes in the operating environment, risk level and attack parameters. The need to develop adaptive mechanisms for selecting cryptographic algorithms capable of providing an appropriate level of protection in conditions of changing threats was substantiated. A model for dynamic selection of post-quantum cryptographic algorithms based on an integral assessment of efficiency and risk is proposed, which allows taking into account both the technical characteristics of the algorithms (speed, cryptographic stability, resource intensity) and the current state of system security. An integral efficiency indicator and a risk function are introduced within the model, which are formed taking into account the level of vulnerabilities, threat intensity and criticality of information resources. An adaptation mechanism is implemented, which provides automatic review and selection of the optimal algorithm depending on the change in risk in real time. The results of the study indicate that the use of the proposed model creates the prerequisites for increasing the level of cryptographic protection, provides a formalized basis for adaptive management of the system's functioning, and allows for reasonable optimization of the use of computing resources. The results obtained confirm the scientific novelty and practical feasibility of implementing adaptive approaches to cryptographic protection of information and communication systems. Keywords: post-quantum cryptography, information and communication systems, cryptographic protection, integral risk assessment, adaptive model, dynamic algorithm selection, cybersecurity
The continuous development of quantum computing requires the development of cryptographic algorithms resistant to quantum cryptanalysis. Therefore, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is holding a competition to standardize algorithms in the post-quantum period, including Crystals-Dilithium, Falcon, and Sphincs+ for digital signatures. In order to determine the ways of development and ways to improve the existing methods of cryptographic protection and electronic digital signature (EDS), an urgent task arose to assess the effectiveness (stability and computational complexity) of existing EDS algorithms. In this paper, a comparative evaluation of EDS algorithms was carried out by key indicators. Research results show the disadvantages and advantages of each algorithm, taking into account the importance of context-specific use. The conclusions indicate that Dilithium has the lowest load on the system's computing resources, Falcon stands out for its signature verification speed, and Sphincs+ provides reliable security. The capabilities of existing cryptographic transformation algorithms based on elliptic curves do not meet the growing need of authentication algorithms resistance to quantum cryptanalysis, and the use of modern candidates for the post-quantum cryptography standard does not allow for a short-term transition to the usage of new cryptographic algorithms in information systems. The paper also points out the impossibility of simultaneous transition to potentially quantum cryptanalysis-resistant algorithms in existing information systems. The direction of further research is the development of new cryptoalgorithms and methods that will ensure the integrity and confidentiality of information during its transmission over unprotected channels in the transition period to the widespread use and implementation of post-quantum cryptography standards.
The article investigates the problem of ensuring cryptographic stability of information and communication systems in the conditions of increasing intensity of cyber threats and development of quantum computing, which reduces the efficiency of classical cryptographic algorithms. An analysis of modern approaches to the application of post-quantum cryptographic algorithms was conducted, which showed their predominantly static nature of use without taking into account the dynamics of changes in the operating environment, risk level and attack parameters. The need to develop adaptive mechanisms for selecting cryptographic algorithms capable of providing an appropriate level of protection in conditions of changing threats was substantiated. A model for dynamic selection of post-quantum cryptographic algorithms based on an integral assessment of efficiency and risk is proposed, which allows taking into account both the technical characteristics of the algorithms (speed, cryptographic stability, resource intensity) and the current state of system security. An integral efficiency indicator and a risk function are introduced within the model, which are formed taking into account the level of vulnerabilities, threat intensity and criticality of information resources. An adaptation mechanism is implemented, which provides automatic review and selection of the optimal algorithm depending on the change in risk in real time. The results of the study indicate that the use of the proposed model creates the prerequisites for increasing the level of cryptographic protection, provides a formalized basis for adaptive management of the system's functioning, and allows for reasonable optimization of the use of computing resources. The results obtained confirm the scientific novelty and practical feasibility of implementing adaptive approaches to cryptographic protection of information and communication systems. Keywords: post-quantum cryptography, information and communication systems, cryptographic protection, integral risk assessment, adaptive model, dynamic algorithm selection, cybersecurity
Recent advances in quantum technology and the potential that practical quantum computers may become a reality in the future have led to renewed interest in developing cryptographic technologies that are secure against conventional and quantum attacks. Currently, virtually all asymmetric cryptographic schemes in use are threatened by the potential development of powerful quantum computers. Post-quantum cryptography is one of main the ways to combat this threat. Its security is based on the complexity of mathematical problems that are currently considered unsolvable efficiently, even with the help of quantum computers. The security of information systems is ensured through protection against various threats that use system vulnerabilities. Security protocols are the building blocks of secure communication. They implement security mechanisms to provide security services. Security protocols are considered abstract when analyzed, but may have additional vulnerabilities in implementation. This work contains a holistic study of security protocols. Basics of security protocols, taxonomy of attacks on security protocols and their implementation are considered, as well as various methods and models of protocol security analysis. In particular, the differences between information-theoretic and computational security, computational and symbolic models are specified. In addition, an overview of the computational security models for Authenticated Key Exchange (AKE) and Password Authentication Key Exchange (PAKE) protocols is provided. The most important security models for the AKE and PAKE protocols were also described. With the emergence of new technologies that may have different security requirements, as well as with increased opportunities for competition, there is always a need to develop new protocols. Thus, the purpose of this article is to review, classify, analyze, and research the vulnerabilities of information systems from classical, quantum, and special attacks, performed taking into account the forecast regarding the possibilities of attacks on post-quantum cryptographic transformations; studying security assessment models for existing cryptographic protocols, as well as reviewing and benchmarking security models and providing suggestions for protection against existing potential attacks.
Abstract It is viewed as revolutionary technology, offering incredible potential in terms of computing power within different scientific and industrial sectors. Quantum computers provide remarkable computing power; however, they also present significant security risks to existing public-key cryptography systems used to secure digital communication, online banking systems, government, medical applications, cloud computing systems, and IoT systems. Security of commonly used encryption schemes like RSA, DH, and ECC depends on mathematical problems that are impossible for classical computers to solve but can be easily resolved with the help of powerful enough quantum computers by using Shor’s algorithm. Furthermore, Grover’s algorithm makes exhaustive search attacks much faster, thus effectively lowering the security level of symmetric encryption schemes since it provides the speed-up for brute-force attacks. Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) turned out to be an effective and scalable method to protect digital data from attacks using quantum computing. In contrast to quantum cryptography, which requires a special quantum communication channel, PQC uses classical cryptographic algorithms that cannot be broken down by either classical or quantum computer due to certain mathematical problems. This research paper offers an extensive exploration of post-quantum cryptography through the analysis of the development of quantum computing, weaknesses of current cryptographic techniques, and mathematics behind quantum-resistant algorithms. Moreover, this paper explores the major classes of PQC techniques such as lattice-based, code-based, hash-based, multivariate, and isogeny-based cryptography and provides details about their security and application. Moreover, the report gives an overview of the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Project and analyzes recent standardizations of quantum-proof algorithms to be utilized in future digital infrastructures. Keywords: Post-Quantum Encryption, Quantum Security, Quantum-Proof Public-Key Cryptography, Lattice-Based Security Protocols, ML-KEM Key Encapsulation Mechanism, ML-DSA Digital Signature Algorithm, NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography, Contemporary Cybersecurity, Secure Communications, Cryptographic Algorithms.
Abstract. In the digital age, cryptography is widely used in various important systems such as financial, military and government ones, medical records etc. The life of modern people is closely connected with the cryptography. We send messages via instant messengers without even considering in which way the security of communications and data is ensured. We buy things both online and transfer money with confidence in transaction security. The level of digitization of our society is constantly increasing, and the digital data needs a reliable protection, which makes cryptography a current topic. Cryptographic systems ensure our security and the basic properties of information, such as privacy, integrity, availability. However, with the beginning of the development of quantum computers, the field of cryptography has developed in a new direction. Quantum cryptography is a science that studies the methods of communication systems protection. It is based on the idea that patterns of quantum physics (physical properties described by the laws of quantum optics, quantum electrodynamics, or quantum field theory) are inviolable. The current state of development and usage of powerful quantum computers, as well as their mathematical and software, is strictly confidential and securely protected. Only clear-cut information about quantum computers and their usage in cryptography is provided. NIST has announced an open competition to select quantum-resistant public-key cryptographic algorithms. After the third round, CRYSTALS-KYBER, CRYSTALS Dilithium, FALCON, and SPHINCS+ were proposed to be standardized. NIST has already recommended moving from the sizes of keys and algorithms that provide 80 security bits to the sizes of keys and algorithms that provide 112 or 128 security bits in order to protect against classic attacks. Post-quantum cryptography, which with its complexities still requires a more detailed study, challenge science once more. However, it is unknown when the changes will occur and when the quantum era will begin, as well as what consequences they will have. It is only possible to predict how many advantages will have quantum calculations compared to usual, and how different the new quantum models will be from classic ones.