Quantum information processing offers new protocols and functionalities in the field of communications by providing an absolute security guaranteed by the quantum physics laws as well as in the field of quantum computing, with the perspective to drastically speed up massively parallel computations. The second quantum revolution is now about to take place with theoretical concepts being brought into concrete applications thanks to integrated technological solutions. Photons are an excellent physical implementation of quantum bits for these two applications. Photonic quantum information processing requires three key functionalities: a source of single photons, a reconfigurable circuits for their manipulation and a single photon detector. The objective of this PhD work is to design, fabricate and characterize superconducting single photon detectors integrated on silicon photonic circuits, with very high efficiency above 95%, a large spectral operating range at telecom wavelength and the ability to resolve the number of received photons. This PhD will take place at CEA, in collaboration between INAC and LETI institutes to benefit from their complementary expertise. This PhD work will be conducted in parallel with developments of single photon sources and will bring an essential building block for the integration of complex circuits able to generate, manipulate and detect tens of photonic qubits for secured communications and quantum computing.
Quantum information processing offers new protocols and functionalities in the field of communications by providing an absolute security guaranteed by the quantum physics laws as well as in the field of quantum computing, with the perspective to drastically speed up massively parallel computations. The second quantum revolution is now about to take place with theoretical concepts being brought into concrete applications thanks to integrated technological solutions. Photons are an excellent physical implementation of quantum bits for these two applications. Photonic quantum information processing requires three key functionalities: a source of single photons, a reconfigurable circuits for their manipulation and a single photon detector. The objective of this PhD work is to design, fabricate and characterize superconducting single photon detectors integrated on silicon photonic circuits, with very high efficiency above 95%, a large spectral operating range at telecom wavelength and the ability to resolve the number of received photons. This PhD will take place at CEA, in collaboration between INAC and LETI institutes to benefit from their complementary expertise. This PhD work will be conducted in parallel with developments of single photon sources and will bring an essential building block for the integration of complex circuits able to generate, manipulate and detect tens of photonic qubits for secured communications and quantum computing.
Quantum information processing brings new protocols to the field of communications, by ensuring absolute security of information transfer thanks to the laws of quantum physics. Furthermore, in the field of computing, quantum processing offers the perspective of performing massively parallel calculations, orders of magnitude faster than with a classical computer. For these two applications, excellent detectors are required with ultimate performances. Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) are the best candidate, as they can reach near-unity detection efficiency. We are developing on-chip waveguide integrated SNSPDs on 200 mm SOI wafers, addressing both the material, architecture design and fabrication process challenges.
Développement de détecteurs de photons uniques supraconducteurs intégrés sur guide silicium pour l'information quantique Le traitement quantique de l'information apporte de nouveaux protocoles et de nouvelles fonctionnalités dans le domaine des communications en garantissant une sécurité absolue du transfert de l'information et dans le domaine du calcul, avec la perspective d'effectuer très rapidement des calculs massivement parallèles. La deuxième révolution quantique est amorcée car ces concepts sortent des laboratoires théoriques pour devenir des applications industrielles concrètes grâce aux technologies intégrées. Les photons constituent un excellent support de l'information quantique pour ces deux applications. Trois composants-clés sont nécessaires : une source de photons uniques, un circuit passif reconfigurable permettant de les manipuler et un détecteur de photons uniques. L'objectif de cette thèse est de concevoir, fabriquer et caractériser des détecteurs de photons uniques supraconducteurs intégrés sur silicium, présentant une grande largeur spectrale autour de la longueur d'onde telecom de 1.55 µm, avec une absorption supérieure à 95% et la possibilité de résoudre le nombre de photons reçus. Cette thèse sera effectuée en collaboration entre l'INAC et le département d'optique et photonique du Leti, permettant d'allier les expertises et savoir-faire complémentaires des deux laboratoires. Cette thèse sera effectuée en parallèle de développements de sources de photons uniques intégrées sur silicium et apportera une brique essentielle pour l'intégration sur la même puce d'un circuit complet permettant de générer, manipuler et détecter des photons uniques pour les communications sécurisées et le calcul quantique.
Advancements in integrated photonics have enabled the miniaturization and scaling of complex photonic circuits, providing stability and reliability beyond the capabilities of conventional bulk setups. A central component of quantum photonic circuits is the single-photon detector, responsible for quantum state measurement. Due to the stringent performance requirements of quantum applications, superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have emerged as the preferred detection technology, offering superior efficiency, low noise, and high timing resolution. While tabletop SNSPDs are now mature, commercially available and contributed to significant progress in quantum computing and communication, their integration into photonic circuits is still in its infancy. Integrated SNSPDs have shown the potential to not only match but surpass tabletop detectors in several performance metrics. Nevertheless, demonstrations have largely focused on individual integrated detectors, with limited investigation into more complex integrated circuits and advanced functionalities. In this thesis, we present a novel integration platform based on photonic bound states in the continuum (BICs) to address a critical limitation of conventional SNSPD designs, where nanowires placed directly atop the waveguide core are constrained by the core geometry. The etchless nature of our BIC waveguides provides a flat surface that decouples the design of the electronic readout circuitry below from the optical circuit layer above, enabling innovative integrated-nanowire geometries and facilitating large-scale integration of SNSPDs with CMOS-compatible circuits. We established a complete fabrication and characterization workflow for integrating NbTiN-based superconducting nanowires with BIC waveguides. Our integrated detectors achieved state-of-the-art performance, including detection efficiencies exceeding 70%, intrinsic jitter below 70 ps, and ultrafast recovery times (~1.7 ns). These results pave the way toward GHz-rate quantum state measurements, essential for scalable quantum photonic processors. Leveraging the design flexibility of BIC waveguides, we introduce the concept of inline detection with SNSPDs which exploits their unique ability to precisely engineer absorption through nanowire length control. By cascading multiple partially absorbing SNSPDs, it is possible to significantly reduce the number of required optical components and miniaturize complex quantum measurement setups within an extremely compact footprint. Traditional integration geometries prevent such implementations due to significant scattering losses at nanowire terminations, which limit the feasibility of cascaded designs. On the other hand, the design flexibility provided by our BIC platform makes it ideal for development of inline detection schemes. As a proof-of-concept, we use inline detection to miniaturize two fundamental quantum optics tools: an integrated Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT) interferometer and a photon-number-resolving (PNR) detector. We replicated the functionalities of these setups using only two nanowires integrated along a single waveguide. These devices show extremely compact footprint, highlighting the scalability potential of our approach. We validated these devices through characterization of a single-photon source and the discrimination of collinear photon pairs. The experimental results aligned well with previous literature and theoretical predictions, confirming the reliability of our integration method. Overall, this work presents a novel approach to quantum measurements within integrated quantum photonic circuits. Inline detection represents a step forward in quantum integrated photonics, moving from individual device demonstrations toward functional quantum circuits. By introducing our BIC-based integration platform, we simplify detector design and fabrication, lowering barriers to the development of inline detection circuits and opening new opportunities in multiphoton quantum state measurements, single-photon spectroscopy, and multiphoton subtraction.
Nanophotonic integrated circuits are emerging as a promising platform for quantum photonics. A key building block are waveguide integrated detectors with superior performance. Detectors based on superconductor nanowires (SNSPDs) attached to optical waveguides have been shown to provide high efficiency and good timing performance, as well as broad bandwidth. To move towards applications in high bandwidth quantum communication and processing, ultrafast single-photon detectors with high efficiency are needed. The speed of meander type SNSPDs is limited because the required high absorption efficiency necessitates long nanowires deposited on top of the waveguide. This enhances the kinetic inductance and makes the detectors slow. We overcome this problem by aligning the nanowire perpendicular to the waveguide to realize devices with a length below 1 µm. By integrating the nanowire into a photonic crystal cavity, we recover high absorption efficiency, thus enhancing the detection efficiency by more than an order of magnitude. Our cavity enhanced superconducting nanowire detectors are fully embedded in silicon nanophotonic circuits and efficiently detect single photons at telecom wavelengths. The detectors possess sub-nanosecond decay (~ 120 ps) and recovery times (~ 510 ps), and thus show potential for GHz count rates at low timing jitter (~ 32 ps).
The monolithic integration of single-photon sources, passive optical circuits, and single-photon detectors enables complex and scalable quantum photonic integrated circuits, for application in linear-optics quantum computing and quantum communications. Here, we demonstrate a key component of such a circuit, a waveguide single-photon detector. Our detectors, based on superconducting nanowires on GaAs ridge waveguides, provide high efficiency (∼20%) at telecom wavelengths, high timing accuracy (∼60 ps), and response time in the ns range and are fully compatible with the integration of single-photon sources, passive networks, and modulators.
Single photon detectors are a vital part of many emerging technologies which harness the quantum properties of light to benefit the fields of communication, computation and sensing. Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) offer high detection efficiency, low dark count rates, low timing jitter, and infrared sensitivity that are required by the most demanding single photon counting applications. This thesis presents SNSPDs fabricated and tested at the University of Glasgow that are integrated with optical structures which enable enhanced detection efficiency and integration with waveguide circuit technology. The monolithic integration of waveguide circuit components presents a route towards realisation of an optical quantum information processor that has the stability and scalability to perform the demanding tasks of quantum computation. A novel process is introduced for incorporating superconducting detectors with single mode gallium arsenide waveguides and quantum dot single photon sources. Together these elements would enable the generation of quantum states of light which could be manipulated and detected on a single chip. Detectors are patterned in NbTiN thin superconducting films on to suspended nanobeam waveguides with better than 50 nm alignment accuracy. Low temperature electrical and optical testing confirms the detectors’ single photon sensitivity under direct illumination as well as to waveguide coupled light. Measured detectors were found to have internal registering efficiencies of 6.8 ± 2.4%. Enhancing absorption of photons into thin superconducting films is vital to the creation of high efficiency superconducting single photon detectors. Fabricating an SNSPD on a dielectric mirror creates a partial cavity that can be tailored to enhance detection of light at specific wavelengths. Devices have been fabricated and tested in this thesis with enhanced detection efficiency at infrared and visible wavelengths for quantum cryptography, remote sensing and life science applications. Detectors fabricated in NbTiN on GaAs/AlGaAs Bragg mirrors exhibited a system detection efficiency of 1.5% at 1500 nm wavelength for the best device measured. SNSPDs were also fabricated in NbN on aperiodic dielectric mirrors with a range of different bandwidths. A peak system detection efficiency of 82.7% at 808 nm wavelength was recorded.