Commentaries.- A Survey by the Editors.- I. Thermodynamic Limit for Coulomb Systems.- I. 1 Existence of Thermodynamics for Real Matter with Coulomb Forces.- I. 2 The Constitution of Matter: Existence of Thermodynamics for Systems Composed of Electrons and Nuclei.- II. Hard Sphere Virial Coefficients.- II. 1 Suppression at High Temperature of Effects Due to Statistics in the Second Virial Coefficient of a Real Gas.- II. 2 Calculation of Exchange Second Virial Coefficient of a Hard-Sphere Gas by Path Integrals.- III. Zeros of Partition Functions.- III. 1 Monomers and Dimers.- III. 2 Theory of Monomer-Dimer Systems.- III. 3 A Property of Zeros of the Partition Function for Ising Spin Systems.- III. 4 A General Lee-Yang Theorem for One-Component and Multicomponent Ferromagnets.- IV. Reflection Positivity.- IV. 1 Existence of Phase Transitions for Anisotropic Heisenberg Models.- IV. 2 Phase Transitions in Anisotropic Lattice Spin Systems.- IV. 3 Phase Transitions in Quantum Spin Systems with Isotropic and Nonisotropic Interactions.- IV. 4 Phase Transitions and Reflection Positivity. I. General Theory and Long Range Lattice Models.- IV. 5 Phase Transitions and Reflection Positivity. II. Lattice Systems with Short-Range and Coulomb Interactions.- IV. 6 Lattice Models for Liquid Crystals.- IV. 7 Existence of Neel Order in Some Spin-1/2 Heisenberg Antiferromagnets.- IV. 8 The XY Model Has Long-Range Order for all Spins and all Dimensions Greater than One.- V. Classical Thermodynamics.- V. 1 The Third Law of Thermodynamics and the Degeneracy of the Ground State for Lattice Systems.- V. 2 A Guide to Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.- V. 3 A Fresh Look at Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.- VI. Lattice Systems.- VI. 1 Properties of a Harmonic Crystal in a Stationary Nonequilibrium State.- VI. 2 The Statistical Mechanics of Anharmonic Lattices.- VI. 3 Time Evolution of Infinite Anharmonic Systems.- VI. 4 Lattice Systems with a Continuous Symmetry III. Low Temperature Asymptotic Expansion for the Plane Rotator Model.- VII. Miscellaneous.- VII. 1 The Finite Group Velocity of Quantum Spin Systems.- VII. 2 The Classical Limit of Quantum Spin Systems.- VII. 3 A Refinement of Simon's Correlation Inequality.- VII. 4 Fluxes, Laplacians, and Kasteleyn's Theorem.- Selecta of Elliott H. Lieb.- Publications of Elliott H. Lieb.
Commentaries.- A Survey by the Editors.- I. Thermodynamic Limit for Coulomb Systems.- I. 1 Existence of Thermodynamics for Real Matter with Coulomb Forces.- I. 2 The Constitution of Matter: Existence of Thermodynamics for Systems Composed of Electrons and Nuclei.- II. Hard Sphere Virial Coefficients.- II. 1 Suppression at High Temperature of Effects Due to Statistics in the Second Virial Coefficient of a Real Gas.- II. 2 Calculation of Exchange Second Virial Coefficient of a Hard-Sphere Gas by Path Integrals.- III. Zeros of Partition Functions.- III. 1 Monomers and Dimers.- III. 2 Theory of Monomer-Dimer Systems.- III. 3 A Property of Zeros of the Partition Function for Ising Spin Systems.- III. 4 A General Lee-Yang Theorem for One-Component and Multicomponent Ferromagnets.- IV. Reflection Positivity.- IV. 1 Existence of Phase Transitions for Anisotropic Heisenberg Models.- IV. 2 Phase Transitions in Anisotropic Lattice Spin Systems.- IV. 3 Phase Transitions in Quantum Spin Systems with Isotropic and Nonisotropic Interactions.- IV. 4 Phase Transitions and Reflection Positivity. I. General Theory and Long Range Lattice Models.- IV. 5 Phase Transitions and Reflection Positivity. II. Lattice Systems with Short-Range and Coulomb Interactions.- IV. 6 Lattice Models for Liquid Crystals.- IV. 7 Existence of Neel Order in Some Spin-1/2 Heisenberg Antiferromagnets.- IV. 8 The XY Model Has Long-Range Order for all Spins and all Dimensions Greater than One.- V. Classical Thermodynamics.- V. 1 The Third Law of Thermodynamics and the Degeneracy of the Ground State for Lattice Systems.- V. 2 A Guide to Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.- V. 3 A Fresh Look at Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.- VI. Lattice Systems.- VI. 1 Properties of a Harmonic Crystal in a Stationary Nonequilibrium State.- VI. 2 The Statistical Mechanics of Anharmonic Lattices.- VI. 3 Time Evolution of Infinite Anharmonic Systems.- VI. 4 Lattice Systems with a Continuous Symmetry III. Low Temperature Asymptotic Expansion for the Plane Rotator Model.- VII. Miscellaneous.- VII. 1 The Finite Group Velocity of Quantum Spin Systems.- VII. 2 The Classical Limit of Quantum Spin Systems.- VII. 3 A Refinement of Simon's Correlation Inequality.- VII. 4 Fluxes, Laplacians, and Kasteleyn's Theorem.- Selecta of Elliott H. Lieb.- Publications of Elliott H. Lieb.
A Survey by the Editors.- I.1 Violation of the Noncrossing Rule: The Hubbard Hamiltonian for Benzene.- I.2 Two Theorems on the Hubbard Model.- I.3 The Hubbard Model: Some Rigorous Results and Open Problems.- I.4 Flux Phase of the Half-Filled Band.- II.1 Proof of the Peierls Instability in One Dimension.- II.2 Stability of the Peierls Instability for Ring Shaped Molecules.- III.1 A Model for Crystallization: A Variation on the Hubbard Model.- III.2 Phase Separation due to Quantum Mechanical Correlations.- IV.1 Theory of Ferromagnetism and the Ordering of Electronic Energy Levels.- IV.2 Ordering Energy Levels of Interacting Spin Systems.- IV.3 Magnetic Properties of Some Itinerant-Electron Systems at T > 0.- V.1 Phase Transitions in Reservoir-Driven Open Systems with Applications to Lasers and Superconductors.- V.2 Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics of Matter Interacting with the Quantized Radiation Field.- V.3 Constructive Macroscopic Quantum Electrodynamics.- V.4 The Laser: A Reversible Quantum Dynamical System with Irreversible Classical Macroscopic Motion.- VI.1 A Proof of Part of Haldane's Conjecture on Spin Chains.- VI.2 Rigorous Results on Valence-Bond Ground States in Antiferromagnets.- VI.3 Valence Bond Ground States in Isotropic Quantum Antiferromagnets.- VI.4 Ground State Properties of a Fully Frustrated Quantum Spin System.- VII.1 Exact Ground State Energy of the Strong-Coupling Polaron.- VIII.1 Simplified Approach to the Ground-State Energy of an Imperfect Bose Gas.- VIII.2 Bose-Einstein Quantum Phase Transition in an Optical Lattice Model.- VIII.3 The Quantum-Mechanical Many-Body Problem: The Bose Gas.- Some of the Early History of Exactly Soluble Models.- IX.1 Exact Solution of the Problem of the Entropy of Two-Dimensional Ice.- IX.2 Exact Solution of the F Model of an Antiferroelectric.- IX.3 Exact Solution of the Two-Dimensional Slater KDP Model of a Ferroelectric.- IX.4 Residual Entropy of Square Ice.- IX.5 Two-Dimensional Ferroelectric Models.- IX.6 Relations Between the 'Percolation' and 'Colouring' Problem and Other Graph-Theoretical Problems Associated with Regular Planar Lattices: Some Exact Results for the 'Percolation' Problem.- IX.7 Analytic Properties of the Free Energy for the Ice Models.- X.1 Two-Dimensional Ising Model as a Soluble Problem of Many Fermions.- X.2 Solution of the Dimer Problem by the Transfer Matrix Method.- XI.1 Two Soluble Models of an Antiferromagnetic Chain.- XII.1 Exact Analysis of an Interacting Bose Gas. I. The General Solution and the Ground State.- XII.2 Exact Analysis of an Interacting Bose Gas. II. The Excitation Spectrum.- XIII.1 Delta-Function Fermi Gas with Two-Spin Deviates.- XIII.2 Absence of Mott Transition in an Exact Solution of the Short-Range, One-Band Model on One Dimension.- XIV.1 Exact Solution of a Many-Fermion System and Its Associated Boson Field.- Selecta of Elliott H. Lieb.- Publications of Elliott H. Lieb.
I Infinite Renormalization of the Hamiltonian Is Necessary.- II Quantum Field Theory Models.- I. The ?22n Model.- Fock space.- Q space.- The Hamiltonian H(g).- Removing the space cutoff.- Lorentz covariance and the Haag-Kastler axioms.- II. The Yukawa Model.- Preliminaries.- First and second order estimates.- Resolvent convergence and self adjointness.- The Heisenberg picture.- III Boson Quantum Field Models.- I. General Results.- Hermite operators.- Gaussian measures and the Schrodinger representation.- Hermite expansions and Fock space.- II. The Solution of Two-Dimensional Boson Models.- The interaction Hamiltonian.- The free Hamiltonian.- Self-adjointness of H(g).- The local algebras and the Lorentz group automorphisms.- IV Boson Quantum Field Models.- III. Further Developments.- Locally normal representations of the observables.- The construction of the physical vaccum.- Formal perturbation theory and models in three space-time dimensions.- V The Particle Structure of the Weakly Coupled P(?)2 Model and Other Applications of High Temperature Expansions.- I. Physics of Quantum Field Models.- Five years of models.- From estimates to physics.- Bound states and resonances.- Phase space localization and renormalization.- VI The Particle Structure of the Weakly Coupled P(?)2 Model and Other Applications of High Temperature Expansions.- II. The Cluster Expansion.- The main results.- The cluster expansion.- Clustering and analyticity: proof of the main results.- Convergence: the main ideas.- An equation of Kirkwood-Salsburg type.- Covariance operators.- Derivatives of covariance operators.- Gaussian integrals.- Convergence: the proof completed.- VII Particles and Bound States and Progess Toward Unitarity and Scaling.- VIII Critical Problems in Quantum Fields.- IX Existence of Phase Transitions for ?24 Quantum Fields.- X Critical Exponents and Renormalization in the ?4 Scaling Limit.- Formulation of the problem.- The scaling and critical point limits.- Renormalization of the ?2(x) field.- Existence of the scaling limit.- The Josephson inequality.- XI A Tutorial Course in Constructive Field Theory.- e?tH as a functional integral.- Examples.- Applications of the functional integral representation.- Ising, Gaussian and scaling limits.- Main results.- Correlation inequalities.- Absence of even bound states.- Bound on g.- Bound on dm2/d? and particles.- The conjecture ?(6) ? 0.- Cluster expansions.- The region of convergence.- The zeroth order expansion.- The primitive expansion.- Factorization and partial resummation.- Typical applications.
Abstract This book begins where elementary books and courses leave off and covers the advances made in statistical mechanics in the past fifty years. The book is divided into three parts. The first part is on general theory which includes a summary of the basic principles of statistical mechanics; a presentation of the physical phenomena covered and the models used to discuss them; theorems on the existence and uniqueness of partition functions; theorems on order; and critical phenomena and scaling theory. The second part is on series and numerical methods which includes derivations of the Mayer and Ree–Hoover expansions of the low density virial equation of state; Groeneveld's theorems; the application to hard spheres and discs; a summary of numerical studies of systems at high density; and the use of high temperature series expansions to estimate critical exponents for magnets. The third part covers exactly solvable models which includes a detailed presentation of the Pfaffian methods of computing the Ising partition function, magnetization, correlation functions, and susceptibility; the star-triangle (Yang–Baxter equation); functional equations and the free energy for the eight-vertex model; and the hard hexagon and chiral Potts models. All needed mathematics is developed in detail and many open questions are discussed. The goal is to guide the reader to the current forefront of research.
Introduction In most of the discussion presented so far in this book, the quantum character of atoms and electrons has been ignored. The Ising spin models have been an exception, but since the Ising Hamiltonian is diagonal (in the absence of a transverse magnetic field), all energy eigenvalues are known and the Monte Carlo sampling can be carried out just as in the case of classical statistical mechanics. Furthermore, the physical properties are in accord with the third law of thermodynamics for Ising-type Hamiltonians (e.g. entropy S and specific heat vanish for temperature T → 0, etc.) in contrast to the other truly classical models dealt with in previous chapters (e.g. classical Heisenberg spin models, classical fluids and solids, etc.) which have many unphysical low temperature properties. A case in point is a classical solid for which the specific heat follows the Dulong–Petit law, C = 3 Nk B , as T → 0, and the entropy has unphysical behavior since S → –∞. Also, thermal expansion coefficients tend to non-vanishing constants for T → 0 while the third law implies that they must be zero. While the position and momentum of a particle can be specified precisely in classical mechanics, and hence the groundstate of a solid is a perfectly rigid crystal lattice (motionless particles localized at the lattice points), in reality the Heisenberg uncertainty principle forbids such a perfect rigid crystal, even at T → 0, due to zero point motions which ‘smear out’ the particles over some region around these lattice points. This delocalization of quantum-mechanical particles increases as the atomic mass is reduced; therefore, these quantum effects are most pronounced for light atoms like hydrogen in metals, or liquid helium. Spectacular phenomena like superfluidity are a consequence of the quantum nature of the particles and have no classical counterpart at all. Even for heavier atoms, which do not show superfluidity because the fluid–solid transition intervenes before a transition from normal fluid to superfluid could occur, there are genuine effects of quantum nature. Examples include the isotope effects (remember that in classical statistical mechanics the kinetic energy part of the Boltzmann factor cancels out from all averages, and thus in thermal equilibrium no property depends explicitly on the mass of the particles).
INTRODUCTION In most of the discussion presented so far in this book, the quantum character of atoms and electrons has been ignored. The Ising spin models have been an exception, but since the Ising Hamiltonian is diagonal (in the absence of a transverse magnetic field!), all energy eigenvalues are known and the Monte Carlo sampling can be carried out just as in the case of classical statistical mechanics. Furthermore, the physical properties are in accord with the third law of thermodynamics for Ising-type Hamiltonians (e.g. entropy S and specific heat vanish for temperature T → 0, etc.) in contrast to the other truly classical models dealt with in previous chapters (e.g. classical Heisenberg spin models, classical fluids and solids, etc.) which have many unphysical low temperature properties. A case in point is a classical solid for which the specific heat follows the Dulong–Petit law, C = 3 Nk B , as T → 0, and the entropy has unphysical behavior since S → −∞. Also, thermal expansion coefficients tend to non-vanishing constants for T → 0 while the third law implies that they must be zero. While the position and momentum of a particle can be specified precisely in classical mechanics, and hence the groundstate of a solid is a perfectly rigid crystal lattice (motionless particles localized at the lattice points), in reality the Heisenberg uncertainty principle forbids such a perfect rigid crystal, even at T → 0; due to zero point motions which ‘smear out’ the particles over some region around these lattice points.
INTRODUCTION In most of the discussion presented so far in this book, the quantum character of atoms and electrons has been ignored. The Ising spin models have been an exception, but since the Ising Hamiltonian is diagonal (in the absence of a transverse magnetic field!), all energy eigenvalues are known and the Monte Carlo sampling can be carried out just as in the case of classical statistical mechanics. Furthermore, the physical properties are in accord with the third law of thermodynamics for Ising-type Hamiltonians (e.g. entropy S and specific heat vanish for temperature T → 0, etc.) in contrast to the other truly classical models dealt with in previous chapters (e.g. classical Heisenberg spin models, classical fluids and solids, etc.) which have many unphysical low temperature properties. A case in point is a classical solid for which the specific heat follows the Dulong–Petit law, C = 3 Nk B , as T → 0, and the entropy has unphysical behavior since S → – ∞. Also, thermal expansion coefficients tend to non-vanishing constants for T → 0 while the third law implies that they must be zero. While the position and momentum of a particle can be specified precisely in classical mechanics, and hence the groundstate of a solid is a perfectly rigid crystal lattice (motionless particles localized at the lattice points), in reality the Heisenberg uncertainty principle forbids such a perfect rigid crystal, even at T → 0; due to zero point motions which ‘smear out’ the particles over some region around these lattice points.