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Optics Communications

Measurement and suppression of residual amplitude modulation in modulation transfer spectroscopy

Wen-Lei Zhao, Xinxiu Zhou, Wenxiang Xie, Zhaoyang Cao, Le Wang, Jingcheng Shang

Published Nov 21, 2025• 1 citation
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.optcom.2025.132698

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We present a high-performance laser frequency stabilization method using modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) on the rubidium 87 D 2 transition line. A substantial improvement of the laser frequency stability was achieved by searching for the optimal diameter and intensity settings of the probe and pump beam. The frequency instability measured from the beat frequency of two locked external cavity diode lasers (ECDLs) reached a short-term stability of 4.5 × 10 − 14 / τ and did not exceed 2 × 10 −12 until 10 5 s, which is the best performance reported thus far with a D 2 transition. The long-term stability is limited by the offset fluctuations of the baseline induced by the residual amplitude modulation (RAM), which can be further improved by reducing the current temperature variation of about 0.2 K by means of temperature stabilization or through a further reduction of the RAM.
Residual amplitude modulation is one of the major stability-degrading factors in many precision measurements. Using an electro-optic (EO) crystal with wedged input and output surfaces is an effective way to suppress residual amplitude modulation. Here the mechanism of residual amplitude modulation in this approach is investigated. The residual amplitude modulations measured in standard and wedged EO crystals bear similarities in their temperature and polarization dependences, implying that a mixture of the two orthogonal polarizations in the extraordinary light is responsible for the residual amplitude modulation in the wedged EO crystal. Similar to a standard EO crystal, a non-uniform spatial distribution of residual amplitude modulation is also observed in the extraordinary light emerging from the wedged EO crystal. The optical isolator after the EO crystal is replaced by a Faraday rotator, and an improvement in the long-term stability is observed. With the wedged-crystal approach, residual amplitude modulation as low as 2×10−7 is observed, contributing a frequency instability of 8×10−18 (500 s) in Pound–Drever–Hall frequency stabilization with a discrimination slope of 1×10−4 V/Hz.