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Journal of Applied Physics

Bidirectional cyclic hybrid quantum information transmission of arbitrary single-qubit state with different levels of control

Benchao Yang

Published Nov 10, 2025• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Current hierarchical control quantum communication protocols are mostly limited to linear bidirectional architectures with only two communication agents, lacking cyclic information exchange capabilities and flexible scalability for large-scale scenarios. This limitation impedes the practical deployment of complex quantum communication networks. To address this issue, a novel hierarchical control bidirectional cyclic hybrid quantum information transmission protocol for an arbitrary single-qubit state is proposed. The protocol comprises six participating entities: three communication agents (Alice, Bob, and Charlie) at different levels and three control agents (David, Emma, and Frank) with a clear permission hierarchy. The bidirectional communication tasks of each communication agent require matching control authorization corresponding to their level: high-level communication agents only need David's assistance, mid-level ones require joint control from David and Emma, and low-level ones demand collaborative authorization from all three control agents to complete their quantum teleportation and remote state preparation tasks. Furthermore, the proposed six-party protocol is extended to a 2N-party scenario involving N control agents and N communication agents at different levels, adapting to the needs of large-scale quantum communication networks. This work provides a flexible and scalable theoretical framework for constructing hierarchical quantum communication networks with cyclic information exchange.

DOI
10.1063/5.0291232

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Abstract This paper proposes a hierarchical controlled bidirectional hybrid quantum information transmission (HCBHQIT) protocol for arbitrary two-qubit states based on a special ten-qubit entangled state. The protocol implements a hierarchical control mechanism where high-level agent Alice can complete quantum teleportation of any unknown two-qubit state to Bob with only one controller Charlie’s assistance, while low-level agent Bob requires collaborative control from both Charlie and an additional controller David to remotely prepare arbitrary known two-qubit states at Alice’s location (with Alice remaining completely unaware of the state). We comprehensively analyze protocol implementation in noisy environments, particularly examining fidelity degradation under various noise conditions, and calculate the intrinsic efficiency through comparative evaluations. The scheme innovatively integrates multi-level control architecture with bidirectional hybrid communication technology over a shared quantum channel, with detailed discussions for both ideal and noisy scenarios. Demonstrated to maintain practical value across multiple application scenarios, this protocol advances controllable quantum communication systems through its hierarchical access management and dual-directional information transfer capabilities.
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Abstract In this paper, we develop a quantum communication protocol for the simultaneous preparation of a two-qubit and a three-qubit state at the positions of two different parties situated spatially apart. For one party, Alice, it is a remote state preparation of a known two-qubit state while for the other party, Bob, it is a joint remote state preparation with the help of a third party, Eve. The protocol is executed in a hybrid form bi-directionally in the presence of two controllers, Charlie and David. There is a hierarchy in the process through different levels of control under which the actions by Alice and Bob are performed. There is a need for a ten-qubit entangled channel connecting the five parties. The generation of this channel through a circuit is discussed. The protocol is executed on the IBM Quantum platform. We also study the effect of noise on our protocol. Here, amplitude-damping, bit-flip and phase-flip noisy environments are considered and the corresponding variations of fidelity are theoretically and numerically analyzed.