Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Optics Express

Compact squeezed light source for higher-order Hermite–Gaussian modes

Jiaming Li, Juntao He, Hongbo Liu, Yongchao Chen, Kui Liu, Jiangrui Gao

Published Oct 9, 2025• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Squeezed light is a fundamental nonclassical resource in quantum optics, and considerable progress has been made in its generation and manipulation. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a compact higher-order spatial modes squeezed light source, achieved by integrating second-harmonic generation and optical parametric oscillation within a single doubly resonant cavity. The HG 2 m ,2 n pump field, which is essential for the generation of HG m , n mode squeezed states, is produced via internal second-harmonic generation, substantially enhancing both the conversion efficiency and mode purity. With this configuration, we successfully generated squeezed vacuum states in the HG 0,0 , HG 1,0 , and HG 2,0 modes, achieving squeezing levels of −4.53 ± 0.26 dB, −3.68 ± 0.19 dB, and −2.58 ± 0.08 dB, respectively. This platform provides a viable pathway for scalable, multimode quantum state generation, with broad potential in quantum metrology and quantum communication.

DOI
10.1364/oe.571765

Related papers

Realization of multi-transverse-mode squeezed optical frequency combs with Gouy phase compensation

Peng Liu, Juan Li, Xinghua Li +7 more

Multimode quantum light fields significantly enhance quantum state manipulation and communication capabilities by expanding the dimensionality of the Hilbert space. In this work, we elaborately design a non-horizontal cavity suitable for a Gouy phase-compensated synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator. By injecting an optical frequency comb in HG 10 mode into the cavity as the seed, we demonstrate the simultaneous generation of a bright squeezed optical frequency comb in HG 10 mode and a vacuum squeezed optical frequency comb in HG 01 mode. The coexistence of amplitude quadrature squeezed fields in these two orthogonal first-order Hermite-Gaussian transverse modes also suggest the presence of quadrature entanglement between the two first-order Laguerre-Gaussian modes, LG 0 + 1 and LG 0 - 1 . This research underscores the capability of one-step generation of multi-transverse-mode squeezed optical frequency combs using a single cavity, marking a significant stride in the realm of quantum optics.

Optics Express•Oct 29, 2024•4 citations

Compact, low-threshold squeezed light source

J. Arnbak, C. S. Jacobsen, R. B. Andrade +4 more

Strongly squeezed light finds many important applications within the fields of quantum metrology, quantum communication and quantum computation. However, due to the bulkiness and complexity of most squeezed light sources of today, they are still not a standard tool in quantum optics labs. We have taken the first steps in realizing a compact, high-performance 1550 nm squeezing source based on commercially available fiber components combined with a free-space double-resonant parametric down-conversion source. The whole setup, including single-pass second-harmonic generation in a waveguide, fits on a 30 cm×45 cm breadboard and produces 9.3 dB of squeezing at a 5 MHz sideband-frequency. The setup is currently limited by phase noise, but further optimization and development should allow for a 19" sized turn-key squeezing source capable of delivering more than 10 dB of squeezing.

arXiv:1909.01160•Optics Express•Dec 13, 2019•30 citations

Tunable cavity-enhanced photon pairs source in Hermite-Gaussian mode

Zhi‐Yuan Zhou, Yan Li, Dong-Sheng Ding +4 more

The spatial modes of light have grasped great research interests because of its great potentials in optical communications, optical manipulation and trapping, optical metrology and quantum information processing. Here we report on generating of photon pairs in Hermite-Gaussian (HG) mode in a type-I optical parametric oscillator operated far below threshold. The bandwidths of the photon pairs are 11.4 MHz and 20.8MHz for two different HG modes respectively, therefore the photons can be stored in cold Rubidium atomic ensembles. The non-classical properties of HG modes are clearly verified by the violation of Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. Our study provides an effective way to generate photon pairs with narrow bandwidth in high order spatial modes for high dimensional quantum communication.

arXiv:1505.05633•AIP Advances•Feb 1, 2016•5 citations

Experimental Generation of Multimode Squeezing in an Optical Parametric Amplifier

Kui Liu, Shuzhen Cui, Rongguo Yang +2 more

We experimentally demonstrate that HG 01 (Hermit—Gauss) and HG 10 squeezed states can be generated simultaneously in an optical parametric amplifier. The HG 01 mode is a bright squeezed state and the HG 10 mode is a vacuum squeezed state. The squeezing of the HG 01 mode is −2.8 dB, and the squeezing of the HG 10 mode is −1.6 dB. We also demonstrate that the output field is also continuous-variable entanglement with orbital angular momentum.

Chinese Physics Letters•Jun 1, 2012•5 citations

Single-mode squeezed-light generation and tomography with an integrated optical parametric oscillator

Tae‐Won Park, Hubert S. Stokowski, Vahid Ansari +9 more

Quantum optical technologies promise advances in sensing, computing, and communication. A key resource is squeezed light, where quantum noise is redistributed between optical quadratures. We introduce a monolithic, chip-scale platform that exploits the χ (2) nonlinearity of a thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) resonator device to efficiently generate squeezed states of light. Our system integrates all essential components—except for the laser and two detectors—on a single chip with an area of one square centimeter, reducing the size, operational complexity, and power consumption associated with conventional setups. Using the balanced homodyne measurement subsystem that we implemented on the same chip, we measure a squeezing of 0.55 decibels and an anti-squeezing of 1.55 decibels. We use 20 milliwatts of input power to generate the parametric oscillator pump field by using second harmonic generation on the same chip. Our work represents a step toward compact and efficient quantum optical systems posed to leverage the rapid advances in integrated nonlinear and quantum photonics.

arXiv:2310.12954•Science Advances•Mar 13, 2024•72 citations

Generation of Single-Mode and Multimode Bright Squeezed Vacuum above 10 14 Photons

Zijian Lyu, SHAOWEI du, Jingze Li +5 more

Squeezed states of light and entangled photon source are fundamental resources for quantum science and technology, enabling advances in quantum communication, computation, and precision metrology. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the generation of ultrabright squeezed vacuum and entangled photon pairs via type-I high-gain parametric down-conversion. Using femtosecond pump pulses at 1,030 nm, we produce ultrabright squeezed vacuum with pulses energies on the order of 10 μJ at a central wavelength of 2,060 nm, corresponding to a photon number exceeding 10 14 . By implementing SU(1,1) interferometric configuration, we achieve flexible control over the mode structure, allowing the transition between multimode entangled photon pairs and nearly single-mode squeezed states. This results provide a high-intensity quantum light source that facilitates the study of nonclassical ultrafast dynamics.

Ultrafast Science•Jan 1, 2026•3 citations
Squeezed light is a fundamental nonclassical resource in quantum optics, and considerable progress has been made in its generation and manipulation. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a compact higher-order spatial modes squeezed light source, achieved by integrating second-harmonic generation and optical parametric oscillation within a single doubly resonant cavity. The HG 2 m ,2 n pump field, which is essential for the generation of HG m , n mode squeezed states, is produced via internal second-harmonic generation, substantially enhancing both the conversion efficiency and mode purity. With this configuration, we successfully generated squeezed vacuum states in the HG 0,0 , HG 1,0 , and HG 2,0 modes, achieving squeezing levels of −4.53 ± 0.26 dB, −3.68 ± 0.19 dB, and −2.58 ± 0.08 dB, respectively. This platform provides a viable pathway for scalable, multimode quantum state generation, with broad potential in quantum metrology and quantum communication.
Multimode quantum light fields significantly enhance quantum state manipulation and communication capabilities by expanding the dimensionality of the Hilbert space. In this work, we elaborately design a non-horizontal cavity suitable for a Gouy phase-compensated synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator. By injecting an optical frequency comb in HG 10 mode into the cavity as the seed, we demonstrate the simultaneous generation of a bright squeezed optical frequency comb in HG 10 mode and a vacuum squeezed optical frequency comb in HG 01 mode. The coexistence of amplitude quadrature squeezed fields in these two orthogonal first-order Hermite-Gaussian transverse modes also suggest the presence of quadrature entanglement between the two first-order Laguerre-Gaussian modes, LG 0 + 1 and LG 0 - 1 . This research underscores the capability of one-step generation of multi-transverse-mode squeezed optical frequency combs using a single cavity, marking a significant stride in the realm of quantum optics.
Strongly squeezed light finds many important applications within the fields of quantum metrology, quantum communication and quantum computation. However, due to the bulkiness and complexity of most squeezed light sources of today, they are still not a standard tool in quantum optics labs. We have taken the first steps in realizing a compact, high-performance 1550 nm squeezing source based on commercially available fiber components combined with a free-space double-resonant parametric down-conversion source. The whole setup, including single-pass second-harmonic generation in a waveguide, fits on a 30 cm×45 cm breadboard and produces 9.3 dB of squeezing at a 5 MHz sideband-frequency. The setup is currently limited by phase noise, but further optimization and development should allow for a 19" sized turn-key squeezing source capable of delivering more than 10 dB of squeezing.
The spatial modes of light have grasped great research interests because of its great potentials in optical communications, optical manipulation and trapping, optical metrology and quantum information processing. Here we report on generating of photon pairs in Hermite-Gaussian (HG) mode in a type-I optical parametric oscillator operated far below threshold. The bandwidths of the photon pairs are 11.4 MHz and 20.8MHz for two different HG modes respectively, therefore the photons can be stored in cold Rubidium atomic ensembles. The non-classical properties of HG modes are clearly verified by the violation of Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. Our study provides an effective way to generate photon pairs with narrow bandwidth in high order spatial modes for high dimensional quantum communication.
Quantum optical technologies promise advances in sensing, computing, and communication. A key resource is squeezed light, where quantum noise is redistributed between optical quadratures. We introduce a monolithic, chip-scale platform that exploits the χ (2) nonlinearity of a thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) resonator device to efficiently generate squeezed states of light. Our system integrates all essential components—except for the laser and two detectors—on a single chip with an area of one square centimeter, reducing the size, operational complexity, and power consumption associated with conventional setups. Using the balanced homodyne measurement subsystem that we implemented on the same chip, we measure a squeezing of 0.55 decibels and an anti-squeezing of 1.55 decibels. We use 20 milliwatts of input power to generate the parametric oscillator pump field by using second harmonic generation on the same chip. Our work represents a step toward compact and efficient quantum optical systems posed to leverage the rapid advances in integrated nonlinear and quantum photonics.
Squeezed states of light and entangled photon source are fundamental resources for quantum science and technology, enabling advances in quantum communication, computation, and precision metrology. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the generation of ultrabright squeezed vacuum and entangled photon pairs via type-I high-gain parametric down-conversion. Using femtosecond pump pulses at 1,030 nm, we produce ultrabright squeezed vacuum with pulses energies on the order of 10 μJ at a central wavelength of 2,060 nm, corresponding to a photon number exceeding 10 14 . By implementing SU(1,1) interferometric configuration, we achieve flexible control over the mode structure, allowing the transition between multimode entangled photon pairs and nearly single-mode squeezed states. This results provide a high-intensity quantum light source that facilitates the study of nonclassical ultrafast dynamics.