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Lecture notes in networks and systems

Quantum Encryption for Low-Orbit Vehicles

Makhabbat Bakyt, Khuralay Moldamurat, Luigi La Spada, Sabyrzhan K. Atanov, Zhanserik Kadirbek, Yermekov Farabi Kerimbayevich

Published Jan 1, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-981-96-6938-7_15

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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly integrated into Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems for applications such as surveillance, disaster response, environmental monitoring, and logistics. These missions demand reliable and secure communication between UAVs and cloud platforms for command, control, and data storage. However, UAV communication channels are highly vulnerable to eavesdropping, spoofing, and man-in-the-middle attacks due to their wireless and often long-range nature. Traditional cryptographic schemes either impose excessive computational overhead on resource-constrained UAVs or lack sufficient robustness for cloud-level security. To address this challenge, we propose a dual-layer encryption architecture that balances lightweight efficiency with strong cryptographic guarantees. Unlike prior dual-layer approaches, the proposed framework introduces a context-aware adaptive lightweight layer for UAV-to-gateway communication and a hybrid post-quantum layer for gateway-to-cloud security, enabling dynamic cipher selection, energy-aware key scheduling, and quantum-resilient key establishment. In the first layer, UAV-to-gateway communication employs a lightweight symmetric encryption scheme optimized for low latency and minimal energy consumption. In the second layer, gateway-to-cloud communication uses post-quantum asymmetric encryption to ensure resilience against emerging quantum threats. The architecture is further reinforced with optional multi-path hardening and blockchain-assisted key lifecycle management to enhance scalability and tamper-proof auditability. Experimental evaluation using a UAV testbed and cloud integration shows that the proposed framework achieves 99.85% confidentiality preservation, reduces computational overhead on UAVs by 42%, and improves end-to-end latency by 35% compared to conventional single-layer encryption schemes. These results confirm that the proposed adaptive and hybridized dual-layer design provides a scalable, secure, and resource-aware solution for UAV-to-cloud communication, offering both present-day practicality and future-proof cryptographic resilience.
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) technology has recently emerged as a popular area of research, and vehicle-to-cloud communication forms the basis of the IoV. This process involves uploading a large amount of information related to the vehicle and its location. The security of vehicle-to-cloud communication thus has a significant impact on the safety of the IoV. This paper proposes a vehicle-to-cloud communication system based on lightweight authentication and extended Quantum Key Distribution. The system supports the wireless distribution of session keys between vehicles and the Quantum Cloud Server (QCS) by using a WAN (Wide Area Network), and supports the wired transmission of quantum keys between the QCS and the Telematics Service Provider (TSP) through a LAN (Local Area Network) by using the BB84 protocol. The system can implement encrypted communication based on quantum physical security in a hybrid network. Moreover, we propose a lightweight identity authentication scheme. An analysis of its performance shows that the proposed system requires a small amount of computation and incurs a low communication overhead. This scheme is applicable to most Internet devices with low computing and communication capacity, and can potentially be used in the IoV framework. We conducted simulations of the proposed system and experiments to test its performance. The maximum average delay in communication in experiments was 40.681 ms and the maximum rate of packet loss was 0.1222%. The proposed system can thus ensure safe and efficient IoV communication.
The evolution of 6G-enabled Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) networks is set to transform intelligent transportation by enabling ultra-reliable, low-latency, and high-throughput connectivity for connected and autonomous vehicles. However, in the light of emerging quantum computing and the growing dependence on distributed edge intelligence and collaborative learning in these networks introduces new security and privacy challenges. This paper proposes a novel quantum-resistant split learning architecture for 6 G C -V2X systems, integrating post-quantum cryptography (PQC) at critical stages of communication and computation. The proposed architecture employs quantum-safe techniques for initial authentication, dynamically divides the deep learning model between vehicles and roadside units, encrypts intermediate data with quantum-safe algorithms, and secures model aggregation using lattice-based homomorphic encryption. Furthermore, a mobility-aware, multitier key management system facilitates smooth and secure handovers, where the hardware acceleration mitigates PQC overhead to maintain real-time performance with the 6 G ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) constraints, delivering a comprehensive, future-proof framework for privacy-preserving, quantum-secure collaborative learning in next-generation vehicular edge networks.