The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) technology has recently emerged as a popular area of research, and vehicle-to-cloud communication forms the basis of the IoV. This process involves uploading a large amount of information related to the vehicle and its location. The security of vehicle-to-cloud communication thus has a significant impact on the safety of the IoV. This paper proposes a vehicle-to-cloud communication system based on lightweight authentication and extended Quantum Key Distribution. The system supports the wireless distribution of session keys between vehicles and the Quantum Cloud Server (QCS) by using a WAN (Wide Area Network), and supports the wired transmission of quantum keys between the QCS and the Telematics Service Provider (TSP) through a LAN (Local Area Network) by using the BB84 protocol. The system can implement encrypted communication based on quantum physical security in a hybrid network. Moreover, we propose a lightweight identity authentication scheme. An analysis of its performance shows that the proposed system requires a small amount of computation and incurs a low communication overhead. This scheme is applicable to most Internet devices with low computing and communication capacity, and can potentially be used in the IoV framework. We conducted simulations of the proposed system and experiments to test its performance. The maximum average delay in communication in experiments was 40.681 ms and the maximum rate of packet loss was 0.1222%. The proposed system can thus ensure safe and efficient IoV communication.
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) technology has recently emerged as a popular area of research, and vehicle-to-cloud communication forms the basis of the IoV. This process involves uploading a large amount of information related to the vehicle and its location. The security of vehicle-to-cloud communication thus has a significant impact on the safety of the IoV. This paper proposes a vehicle-to-cloud communication system based on lightweight authentication and extended Quantum Key Distribution. The system supports the wireless distribution of session keys between vehicles and the Quantum Cloud Server (QCS) by using a WAN (Wide Area Network), and supports the wired transmission of quantum keys between the QCS and the Telematics Service Provider (TSP) through a LAN (Local Area Network) by using the BB84 protocol. The system can implement encrypted communication based on quantum physical security in a hybrid network. Moreover, we propose a lightweight identity authentication scheme. An analysis of its performance shows that the proposed system requires a small amount of computation and incurs a low communication overhead. This scheme is applicable to most Internet devices with low computing and communication capacity, and can potentially be used in the IoV framework. We conducted simulations of the proposed system and experiments to test its performance. The maximum average delay in communication in experiments was 40.681 ms and the maximum rate of packet loss was 0.1222%. The proposed system can thus ensure safe and efficient IoV communication.
With the rapid development of intelligent connected vehicles, networked vehicles carry a large amount of sensitive data. Secure authentication and controlled access to data in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) are essential to protect vehicular private data. We propose a quantum-key-based authentication and key agreement scheme for IoV, called QKBAKA. Its features are as follows: 1) Role-Based Data Access Control Strategy: Access to private data requires authorization and management by vehicle owners. 2) Vehicle privatization manages quantum session keys. The quantum random number generator (QRNG) deployed on the vehicle side generates quantum session keys and realizes secure agreement through multilevel quantum keys. The multilevel quantum key includes the quantum prefilled key, the quantum protection key and the quantum session key. 3) Secure and Efficient Authentication Scheme: QKBAKA uses quantum keys, symmetric encryption algorithms, and hash algorithms. It is relatively secure for quantum computing and has better performance. Security analysis shows that QKBAKA is secure under the real-or-random (ROR) model and meets the security requirements of IoV. Performance evaluation shows that, compared with the existing schemes, QKBAKA reduces computation and communication costs by 74.83%–98.59% and 28.7%–83.1%. Simulation and real vehicle tests show that QKBAKA has good communication stability and feasibility.
Advanced connection and autonomous features are being made possible by the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), which is causing a revolution in transportation. Strong security measures are required, however, because the prevalence of connected devices also increases the likelihood of cyberattacks and data breaches. This study introduces a new method for protecting IoV networks, which combines Blockchain technology with Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), creating a security architecture with two layers. Internet of Vehicles (IoV) technologies enable autonomous driving and real-time data exchange by connecting vehicles to infrastructure and one another. These advancements make things safer and more efficient, but they also put sensitive information at risk of cyberattacks. Modern security measures are essential since traditional encryption methods are becoming more and more insecure. To provide encryption that is theoretically unbreakable, the suggested system uses QKD to create and distribute cryptographic keys based on principles of quantum mechanics. To improve trust and transparency, blockchain technology is used to record these keys and any subsequent transactions in an immutable, distributed ledger. A hybrid architecture, with QKD securing the key exchange and Blockchain ensuring the integrity and authenticity of the communication, is designed as part of the integration process. Improved security and speed have been shown in simulations and prototype implementations of the QKD-Blockchain architecture in IoV networks. By preventing eavesdropping and key interception, the QKD technique kept the communication channel secure. With an average delay of only about 2 milliseconds, QKD performed admirably and was well below the permitted range for real-time vehicular communications. On average, validation durations for transactions were 5 milliseconds, which was a little overhead due to blockchain integration. The system efficiently handled up to 10,000 transactions per second without affecting security or performance, proving that it can serve massive IoV networks, according to scalability testing. Under high-load scenarios, the framework maintained consistent performance and security, proving its robustness in stress tests. Together, QKD and Blockchain provide a scalable and trustworthy option for future vehicular communication networks, and these results show how feasible and robust it is to use them to protect IoV systems. An intriguing approach to the security issues plaguing IoV systems is the integration of QKD with Blockchain technology. An unparalleled level of protection against cyber threats is provided by the dual-layered system, which guarantees strong encryption and data integrity. This fresh method may lead to improved and more trustworthy IoV networks by establishing new benchmarks for secure vehicular communication. In order to optimize the implementation and tackle any new issues that may arise, more research and development should be conducted.
With the continuous progress of technologies such as lasers, electronics, and computers, their practical applications have also made great progress. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is currently one of the most promising quantum teleportation technologies and a hot topic in the field of secure communication. The purpose of this article was to study the application of quantum teleportation technology in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). This article fully explained the concept, principles, and methods of quantum teleportation technology, deeply understood the absolute security attributes of quantum teleportation technology, and then pointed out its practical operability in the field of information security by introducing its development status and application prospects. Based on the security needs of the IoV and considering the shortcomings of existing security protection technologies, the risks of the IoV and the urgent need for high security of information technology were highlighted. A persistent and secure bidirectional authenticated QKD protocol was proposed, and simulation experiments were conducted on the NS-2.45 network simulation platform. The experimental results showed that the average time cost of this scheme was only 0.11 seconds when the number of vehicles was 10. Compared with other similar schemes, this scheme had lower overhead.
With the rapid development of integrated vehicle-road-cloud systems, RoadSide Units (RSUs) have become crucial for communication in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs). However, RSU failures disrupt real-time vehicle-to-cloud connectivity, exacerbating traffic congestion and safety risks. Recently, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have emerged as a promising solution for temporary mobile base stations due to their rapid deployment and flexibility. Nevertheless, the open and dynamic nature of UAV-vehicle communication networks presents critical challenges in achieving both secure communication and lightweight authentication. Furthermore, the unsupervised deployment environment of UAVs makes them particularly vulnerable to physical attacks. To address these challenges, in this paper, we propose a secure and lightweight UAV-assisted vehicle authentication scheme based on quantum key. The scheme leverages quantum keys, hash functions and XOR to ensure secrecy and traceability of malicious entities. Utilising the Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) and fuzzy extractor to resist physical attacks. A private blockchain architecture is implemented for secure data storage and management. We verify the scheme’s security using the real-or-random (ROR) oracle model and the Scyther tool. The experimental results show that, compared to other schemes, our scheme has a lower overhead, with an average packet loss rate reduction of 11.42% – 28.8% and an average communication delay reduction of 14.41%–63%.
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has the potential to improve the efficacy and safety of transportation, but it is also vulnerable to a variety of security threats. Traditional cryptographic methods are susceptible to vulnerabilities amid the imminent threat of quantum computation. In order to establish secure communication channels, this chapter investigates the integration of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) into IoV. It explores the principles of QKD, its advantages over classical cryptography, and the obstacles associated with its implementation in vehicular networks. Key management strategies are examined in the chapter, which also provides a thorough examination of QKD protocols that are appropriate for IoV. Additionally, it examines practical aspects, including resource optimization, error correction, and the establishment of quantum channels. This research safeguards critical vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications by addressing these challenges, thereby contributing to the development of robust and secure IoV systems.
Communication in the green Internet of Vehicles (IoV) demands significant energy, encompassing both communication and computation costs, along with fuel and electricity for vehicle operation. The rise of quantum computing threatens the security of existing IoV frameworks, particularly those relying on conventional public-key cryptosystems (PKC) like integer factorization and elliptic curve cryptography, which are vulnerable to quantum attacks. This paper proposes a lightweight, postquantum security protocol for electric vehicles (EVs) in IoV, aimed at reducing computation and communication costs while enhancing energy efficiency. We conduct a comprehensive security analysis and compare our protocol with existing solutions, demonstrating its superior security, scalability, and practical effectiveness. Network simulations using NS3 further validate the robustness and efficiency of the proposed scheme for green IoV applications.