Advanced connection and autonomous features are being made possible by the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), which is causing a revolution in transportation. Strong security measures are required, however, because the prevalence of connected devices also increases the likelihood of cyberattacks and data breaches. This study introduces a new method for protecting IoV networks, which combines Blockchain technology with Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), creating a security architecture with two layers. Internet of Vehicles (IoV) technologies enable autonomous driving and real-time data exchange by connecting vehicles to infrastructure and one another. These advancements make things safer and more efficient, but they also put sensitive information at risk of cyberattacks. Modern security measures are essential since traditional encryption methods are becoming more and more insecure. To provide encryption that is theoretically unbreakable, the suggested system uses QKD to create and distribute cryptographic keys based on principles of quantum mechanics. To improve trust and transparency, blockchain technology is used to record these keys and any subsequent transactions in an immutable, distributed ledger. A hybrid architecture, with QKD securing the key exchange and Blockchain ensuring the integrity and authenticity of the communication, is designed as part of the integration process. Improved security and speed have been shown in simulations and prototype implementations of the QKD-Blockchain architecture in IoV networks. By preventing eavesdropping and key interception, the QKD technique kept the communication channel secure. With an average delay of only about 2 milliseconds, QKD performed admirably and was well below the permitted range for real-time vehicular communications. On average, validation durations for transactions were 5 milliseconds, which was a little overhead due to blockchain integration. The system efficiently handled up to 10,000 transactions per second without affecting security or performance, proving that it can serve massive IoV networks, according to scalability testing. Under high-load scenarios, the framework maintained consistent performance and security, proving its robustness in stress tests. Together, QKD and Blockchain provide a scalable and trustworthy option for future vehicular communication networks, and these results show how feasible and robust it is to use them to protect IoV systems. An intriguing approach to the security issues plaguing IoV systems is the integration of QKD with Blockchain technology. An unparalleled level of protection against cyber threats is provided by the dual-layered system, which guarantees strong encryption and data integrity. This fresh method may lead to improved and more trustworthy IoV networks by establishing new benchmarks for secure vehicular communication. In order to optimize the implementation and tackle any new issues that may arise, more research and development should be conducted.
Advanced connection and autonomous features are being made possible by the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), which is causing a revolution in transportation. Strong security measures are required, however, because the prevalence of connected devices also increases the likelihood of cyberattacks and data breaches. This study introduces a new method for protecting IoV networks, which combines Blockchain technology with Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), creating a security architecture with two layers. Internet of Vehicles (IoV) technologies enable autonomous driving and real-time data exchange by connecting vehicles to infrastructure and one another. These advancements make things safer and more efficient, but they also put sensitive information at risk of cyberattacks. Modern security measures are essential since traditional encryption methods are becoming more and more insecure. To provide encryption that is theoretically unbreakable, the suggested system uses QKD to create and distribute cryptographic keys based on principles of quantum mechanics. To improve trust and transparency, blockchain technology is used to record these keys and any subsequent transactions in an immutable, distributed ledger. A hybrid architecture, with QKD securing the key exchange and Blockchain ensuring the integrity and authenticity of the communication, is designed as part of the integration process. Improved security and speed have been shown in simulations and prototype implementations of the QKD-Blockchain architecture in IoV networks. By preventing eavesdropping and key interception, the QKD technique kept the communication channel secure. With an average delay of only about 2 milliseconds, QKD performed admirably and was well below the permitted range for real-time vehicular communications. On average, validation durations for transactions were 5 milliseconds, which was a little overhead due to blockchain integration. The system efficiently handled up to 10,000 transactions per second without affecting security or performance, proving that it can serve massive IoV networks, according to scalability testing. Under high-load scenarios, the framework maintained consistent performance and security, proving its robustness in stress tests. Together, QKD and Blockchain provide a scalable and trustworthy option for future vehicular communication networks, and these results show how feasible and robust it is to use them to protect IoV systems. An intriguing approach to the security issues plaguing IoV systems is the integration of QKD with Blockchain technology. An unparalleled level of protection against cyber threats is provided by the dual-layered system, which guarantees strong encryption and data integrity. This fresh method may lead to improved and more trustworthy IoV networks by establishing new benchmarks for secure vehicular communication. In order to optimize the implementation and tackle any new issues that may arise, more research and development should be conducted.
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has the potential to improve the efficacy and safety of transportation, but it is also vulnerable to a variety of security threats. Traditional cryptographic methods are susceptible to vulnerabilities amid the imminent threat of quantum computation. In order to establish secure communication channels, this chapter investigates the integration of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) into IoV. It explores the principles of QKD, its advantages over classical cryptography, and the obstacles associated with its implementation in vehicular networks. Key management strategies are examined in the chapter, which also provides a thorough examination of QKD protocols that are appropriate for IoV. Additionally, it examines practical aspects, including resource optimization, error correction, and the establishment of quantum channels. This research safeguards critical vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications by addressing these challenges, thereby contributing to the development of robust and secure IoV systems.
The advent of 6G technology opens new horizons for communication systems, particularly in the context of Internet of Vehicles (IoV). This interconnected ecosystem facilitates innovative IoT applications, revolutionizing intra-vehicle and inter-vehicle communications. However, the extensive cellular infrastructure of 6G introduces unprecedented security challenges, demanding advanced defense mechanisms against cyber threats. Quantum cryptography emerges as a robust solution, offering rapid and secure communication channels among vehicles while ensuring data integrity. By harnessing the principles of quantum mechanics such as entanglement and superposition, quantum cryptography enables secure data transmission immune to interception or manipulation. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the integration of quantum cryptography with blockchain technology in the context of 6G-enabled IoV. Furthermore, leveraging the processing capabilities of edge nodes, the proposed framework prioritizes critical 6G Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) including trustworthiness, latency, connectivity, data rate, and energy consumption. Through this approach, this paper explores the potential of quantum cryptography and blockchain within the further evolving landscape of 6G-enabled Internet of vehicle security.
Rapid growth in IoT devices creates major security difficulties because they present potential weakening of systems to cyberattacks and open data breaches in addition to unauthorized system access. Traditional security methods relying on centralized authentication together with classical cryptographic techniques prove inadequate because they have single points of failure and exist under the threat of quantum computing advancement. A new system integrates blockchain technology and quantum cryptography according to this paper to resolve security issues. Data security through blockchain systems gives access to decentralized trust features together with tamper-proof records and ensures data integrity while quantum cryptographic methods especially Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) enable unconditional cryptographic key transfers and communications. A proposed security framework protects IoT networks through the integration of blockchain's unalterable system and QKD's quantum-resistant capabilities which create a strong defence system against classical and quantum-based threats. The approach includes three primary achievements: a system design that scales and performs security analyses together with performance tests that prove practicality. The presented research enables the development of next-generation IoT security measures suited for modern quantum technology advancements.
The rapid integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) has significantly expanded the attack surface of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication systems.These networks exchange large volume of safety-critical data in realtime, which increases their exposure to attacks like message tampering, identity spoofing, and coordinated injection.Traditional cryptographic systems become more suspectable to emerging quantum computing threats, whereas the existing intrusion detection systems suffer from high latency, static encryption, and increased energy consumption due to frequent vehicular movement.These challenges restrict the ability of current systems to guarantee secure, real-time, energy-efficient, and sustainable communication for next-generation AVs.To address these challenges, this study introduced a novel Quantum-Enhanced Lightweight Protocol (QELP) that combines hybrid quantum-classical security mechanisms with adaptive encryption orchestration to improve security, real-time performance, and sustainable operation in IoT-enabled autonomous vehicle sensor networks.QELP combines BB84based Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and lattice-based post-quantum cryptography (Kyber+) to establish quantum-resilient session keys.The context-aware encryption method dynamically adjusts the encryption intensity and key refresh rate based on residual energy, traffic density, anomaly score, and vehicular mobility to balance security strength and computational overhead.The model includes multi-layer error and attack detection techniques, including quantum-based intrusion alerts, digital signature validation, and behavioural deviation checks.The VeReMi and CARLA-NS3 datasets are employed for message-based V2X attack validation and to assess the networklevel behavior under real-time traffic scenarios.The performance is evaluated by simulations using Python (Qiskit) for quantum layers and NS3 for AV networks.The simulation results outperform with 98.76% attack detection rate, 0.015 false alarm rate, 13.7ms latency, 12.2% energy depletion score, 94.6% security risk score reduction towards a stronger quantumresilient defense and an encryption throughput improvement to 96.8%, handling encrypted data at high speed.The findings confirm that QELP provides a scalable, quantum-resilient, and energy-aware security architecture for next-generation autonomous vehicular communication systems.
With the growing Internet of Things (IoT), many applications like traffic management, smart cities, environment monitoring, industrial automation and healthcare have been revolutionized. As the number of resourcelimited IoT devices grows and connects with each other, security issues have become more intricate and severe, such as unauthorized access, data tampering, replay attacks, and the rise in threat from quantum computing to traditional cryptographic methods. To solve those problems, this paper proposes Quantum Shield-IoT, which is a quantum-resilient hybrid security framework that combines the Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol of BB84 with ASCON lightweight authenticated encryption, blockchain security, and cloud computing to ensure secure end-to-end data transmission in IoT. The BB84 protocol works both to generate quantum secure cryptographic keys, and to identify eavesdropping via Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) analysis. The generated keys are used by ASCON-128 to ensure efficient data confidentiality, integrity and authentication with low computation load, which makes it suitable for resourceconstrained IoT devices. Encrypted data are securely stored in the cloud while the data integrity and traceability of the SHA-256 hash values are ensured by being stored on the blockchain, making them irretrievable. Encrypted data are stored securely in the cloud, while the data integrity and traceability of the hash value ensure irretrievable storage through the blockchain. The proposed framework was implemented using IBM Quantum Qiskit, ASCON-128, blockchain platforms and cloud storage. Experimental results show that quantum bit error rate (QBER) varies from 2.1% to 3.5% for typical communication and 24.8% for eavesdropping attempts, proving reliable QKD. ASCON encryption range was between 8.2 ms and 69.5 ms, and blockchain verification was less than 25 ms for 1,000 transactions with more than 99% of the integrity accuracy. Moreover, the framework achieved an attack detection rate higher than 97.9% in several cyberattacks and hence provided a scalable, light-weight and quantum resistant security solution for next generation IoT ecosystems.
Abstract Advancements in vehicular communication systems, particularly within the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), demand secure, efficient, and scalable cryptographic solutions. As vehicular networks evolve toward quantum-resistant architectures, integrating quantum computing principles—focusing on semiconductor-based qubits—offers promising pathways for enhanced cybersecurity. This work explores the application of lightweight cryptography, specifically the ASCON algorithm, to protect vehicular communications, while addressing the emerging needs for post-quantum security. The proposed hybrid framework combines ASCON with quantum-proof key exchange protocols, ensuring compatibility with semiconductor qubit architectures. Designed for microelectronics, this approach provides resilience against key threats, achieving rapid key generation in the microsecond range. Emphasizing the integration of quantum and microelectronic technologies, this study presents a practical method for embedding quantum-secure cryptography into intelligent transportation systems, bridging current microelectronic designs with future quantum infrastructures.