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Beyond Superposition and Collapse: Double-Slit Interference from Trembling Spacetime Geodesics

Nico F. Declercq

Published May 15, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The double-slit experiment has long been interpreted as evidence of wave-particle duality and quantum superposition. Here we propose a deterministic alternative rooted in Trembling Spacetime Relativity Theory (TSRT), where particles always follow localized proper-time geodesics within a causally structured but metrically fluctuating spacetime. Apparent interference fringes arise not from wavefunction superposition, but from the deterministic redirection of particle geodesics due to curvature perturbations shaped by the slit geometry. The observed distribution of arrival positions is governed by two geometric mechanisms: (i) the slit separation, which sets the angular deflection range of redirected geodesics, and (ii) a minimal action threshold that enforces a resolution limit based on causal distinguishability. Planck’s constant emerges naturally from this causal constraint as the smallest resolvable geodesic action difference, without any quantum postulates. TSRT provides analytical predictions for fringe spacing and intensity distribution across a wide range of particles—photons, electrons, and neutrons—by applying geometric deflection laws to causally permitted geodesics. These predictions align closely with established experimental results. In addition, the TSRT framework enables simulation of arbitrary configurations by modeling ensembles of geodesics subject to metric trembling, providing a fully geometric alternative to quantum superposition.

DOI
10.5281/zenodo.15425853

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The double-slit experiment has long been interpreted as evidence of wave-particle duality and quantum superposition. Here we propose a deterministic alternative rooted in Trembling Spacetime Relativity Theory (TSRT), where particles always follow localized proper-time geodesics within a causally structured but metrically fluctuating spacetime. Apparent interference fringes arise not from wavefunction superposition, but from the deterministic redirection of particle geodesics due to curvature perturbations shaped by the slit geometry. The observed distribution of arrival positions is governed by two geometric mechanisms: (i) the slit separation, which sets the angular deflection range of redirected geodesics, and (ii) a minimal action threshold that enforces a resolution limit based on causal distinguishability. Planck’s constant emerges naturally from this causal constraint as the smallest resolvable geodesic action difference, without any quantum postulates. TSRT provides analytical predictions for fringe spacing and intensity distribution across a wide range of particles—photons, electrons, and neutrons—by applying geometric deflection laws to causally permitted geodesics. These predictions align closely with established experimental results. In addition, the TSRT framework enables simulation of arbitrary configurations by modeling ensembles of geodesics subject to metric trembling, providing a fully geometric alternative to quantum superposition.
Quantum entanglement is widely regarded as the most puzzling feature of quantum theory, apparently violating local realism through nonlocal correlations between spacelike-separated particles. Although violations of Bell inequalities are experimentally confirmed, their standard theoretical explanation relies on wavefunction collapse or nonlocal hidden variables. In this work, we present an alternative explanation based on Trembling Spacetime Relativity Theory (TSRT). In this framework, intrinsic metric fluctuations generate proper-time-synchronized geodesic ensembles whose deterministic trajectories give rise to statistical correlations across spacetime. Measurement outcomes are reinterpreted as geometric responses to these fluctuating backgrounds, without invoking quantum collapse or nonlocal influence. We show that the Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt (CHSH) inequality can be violated deterministically within a locally causal geometric structure. These violations emerge as macroscopic imprints of shared spacetime curvature, not quantum superposition. The resulting correlation function reproduces quantum predictions at short ranges but decays with separation—yielding testable deviations in long-baseline and gravitationally modulated experiments. TSRT thus offers a realist, Lorentz-invariant, and falsifiable account of entanglement grounded in the causal structure of spacetime.
Trembling Spacetime Relativity Theory (TSRT) was introduced as a deterministic geometric framework in which spacetime possesses an admissible oscillatory microstructure constrained by causal consistency and proper-time monotonicity. Rather than treating microscopic physical phenomena through probabilistic quantization postulates, the theory investigates whether observable structures may emerge from bounded oscillatory geometry itself. The foundational works published in 2025 established the admissibility framework, finite spectral structure, deterministic interpretations of interference and correlation phenomena, and the geometric basis for bounded microscopic dynamics. These studies demonstrated that admissible metric oscillations can generate finite spectral measures, stable causal propagation, and nontrivial observable structure without requiring wavefunction collapse or fundamentally probabilistic dynamics. The developments completed in 2026 extended the framework substantially by introducing admissibility-compatible covariant variational formulations, nonlinear oscillatory operators, admissible spectral measures, boundary-induced mode suppression mechanisms, and quantitative atomic-structure calculations. In particular, recent results established that the admissible oscillatory sector admits localized configurations that are nonlinearly stable under admissible perturbations. This provides the first rigorous dynamical foundation for interpreting localized admissible modes as physically realizable geometric structures. The purpose of the present article is to provide a unified overview of the TSRT program developed so far, to clarify the logical connections between the various foundational and phenomenological results, and to summarize the current mathematical and physical status of the theory. The article also identifies the principal open problems and outlines the broader significance of admissibility-restricted geometric dynamics as a possible framework for microscopic physics.
In this work, we extend the 9-dimensional Ultra-Spacetime-Time-Evolution (9D-USTE) framework to explain the origin of quantum double-slit interference from pure geometric field dynamics. Based on the 3+6 dimensional spacetime structure (3D macroscopic spacetime plus a compact 6D internal manifold), a scalar field σ (radion field) governing the volume of the 6D compact internal manifold is shown to exhibit wave-like propagation across the entire spatial region, while the corresponding particle is localized in 3D macroscopic space. We demonstrate that the observed interference pattern is directly identified with the squared gradient of the σ field, whose fluctuations pass through both slits and superimpose. The particle trajectory is guided by the geometric field distribution, yielding a fully deterministic geometric interpretation of quantum duality without wavefunction collapse, nonlocality, or probabilistic postulates. Quantitative estimates of the σ field mass m_σ are provided, and the correspondence between the σ-field wavelength and the de Broglie wavelength is established by fitting existing electron and C₆₀ double-slit experimental data. We further discuss how the compact 6D internal manifold provides a geometric mechanism to address Bell inequality-related nonlocality concerns, distinguishing the 9D-USTE framework from existing Bohmian mechanics and Kaluza-Klein theories. This work advances 9D-USTE as a consistent geometric alternative for unifying classical gravity and quantum phenomena.
We present a new paradigm of quantum reality in which classical particles interact deterministically with quantized electromagnetic fields embedded in a causal lattice spacetime. These interactions induce discrete momentum transfers that account for the dot-like buildup of double-slit interference fringes, the bi-fringe outcomes of the Stern–Gerlach experiment, and the correlations observed in entanglement tests. Within this framework, which provides a non-local hidden variable mechanism, naturally leads to the emergence of Heisenberg uncertainty, de Broglie duality, and the Dirac equation as natural consequences of causal field dynamics, rather than as postulated axioms. The model further provides experimentally testable predictions—including momentum-transfer sidebands and the temperature dependence of the Casimir force—that distinguish it from both the Copenhagen interpretation and more recent alternatives. By grounding quantum phenomena in causal field–particle interactions, this paradigm reproduces the experimental dot-like features in double-slit interference and Stern-Gerlach fringes. Thus, it offers a transparent and physically consistent alternative to the Copenhagen interpretation, achieving the completeness that Einstein argued was missing from conventional theory.
The double-slit experiment has stood for a century as the paradigmatic demonstration of quantum superposition: the standard interpretation holds that a particle passes through both slits simultaneously, existing in a superposition of two spatially separated states. This paper proposes a physically distinct alternative: the particle's matter wave — a real physical wave propagating through space in accordance with de Broglie's relation λ = h/p — passes through both slits, while the particle itself (matter) remains in an undetermined state until a constructive interference maximum is formed at the detection screen. The particle does not simultaneously occupy two locations; the wave does. This distinction eliminates the need for superposition as an ontological commitment while fully reproducing the observed interference pattern. We further show that the disappearance of the interference pattern upon which-path measurement is explained without invoking wavefunction collapse: the measurement interaction redirects the matter wave to a single-slit geometry, eliminating the two-wave interference condition. Three experimentally testable predictions distinguish this framework from the standard interpretation: (1) weak-measurement trajectory reconstruction should reveal single particle paths inconsistent with simultaneous two-slit passage; (2) diffraction fringe spacing should depend on the mass density of the slit material, because denser slit edges generate a steeper refractive-index gradient for the matter wave; (3) the fringe pattern should exhibit a density-dependent phase shift measurable with current matter-wave interferometry technology. This reinterpretation requires no new mathematical formalism — the Schrödinger equation and Born's rule are retained — but replaces the ontological claim of simultaneous multi-location existence with the physically consistent picture of matter-wave propagation through an undetermined-state particle.
We present a theoretical framework in which the interference pattern of the double-slit experiment emerges from a variational principle defined on an informational manifold rather than from postulated wave–particle duality. Within the Viscous Time Theory (VTT) framework, physical systems are described by identity-preserving trajectories that minimize an informational latency functional. The competition between two permissible trajectories under finite latency produces a coherent term analogous to an interference phase, without assuming a physical wave or pre-existing superposition. The resulting probability distribution reduces to the standard double-slit formula in the limit of uniform latency and recovers the disappearance of interference under which-way detection as a breakdown of coherent identity. The model introduces a gradient of informational awareness that predicts a localized collapse event associated with a tensor activation reflecting the transition to a single-path regime. We propose an experimental protocol combining single-photon interference with EEG recordings to test whether early variations in the awareness gradient correlate with the collapse of coherence. We further report a model-based validation using a synchronized double-slit and EEG-inspired signal protocol, in which analytically constructed waveforms—consistent with published spectral properties—are used to illustrate threshold-driven collapse behavior, finite-time collapse dynamics, and improved predictive performance of the VTT model compared to standard decoherence-based descriptions. The framework thus provides a testable and experimentally supported informational interpretation of quantum interference, suggesting that wave–particle transitions correspond to a reorganization of identity in viscous informational time rather than a change in physical ontology.