Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Coherent control of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-based surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) using system parameters

Rakiba Rahaman, Samim Akhtar, Jayanta K. Saha, Md. Mabud Hossain

Published Sep 12, 2025• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We present a comprehensive theoretical study on the controlling of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) excitation at the metal–dielectric (silver-Rb atoms) interface using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The results demonstrate that the excitation of SPPs can efficiently be controlled by utilizing the system parameters, e . g . atomic density, pump Rabi frequency and metal thickness. A significant probe field enhancement is achieved by adjusting the pump Rabi frequency and atomic number density, and it can be further optimized by precise tuning of the metal thickness. The resonance angle as well as reflection and transmission of the probe field are found to be highly sensitive to the probe frequency detuning. A notable displacement of the probe transmission peak position is also observed with the increasing pump Rabi frequency. These findings provide tunable control of SPPs using an EIT medium, which may find potential applications in the domains of quantum plasmonic sensor-based devices and quantum communication.

DOI
10.1088/1361-6455/ae063d

Related papers

Deterministic control of surface plasmon polariton excitation at the metal–atom interface via off-resonant light–matter interaction in a non-ideal EIT medium

Bibhas Dutta

Quantum coherence controlled by the resonant condition of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) has attracted considerable attention for the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in various metal–dielectric hybrid structures. However, for all coherent fields operating resonantly in the system, the exact extent to which perfect EIT is effective in establishing coupler-free SPP excitation has not yet been well examined. Here, we investigate the excitation of SPPs in an air–metal–atom composite structure incorporating a three-level Λ-type atomic model that operates in the strong ground-state coherence-dephasing regime. Such decoherence limits the establishment of true EIT under the condition of two-photon Raman resonance. It is found that, although the characteristic narrow resonant field enhancement associated with EIT mediated by the resonant fields disappears, significant SPP-assisted field enhancement survives over a broad off-resonant spectral region. This behavior originates from the preservation of the momentum-matching condition together with the fulfillment of the dielectric requirements for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in the normal-dispersion regime. If the coupling field is tuned to the SPR condition, the detuned two-photon Raman resonance plays a vital role in structuring a doublet in the spectral response of an initially single-peaked broadband SPP excitation. This observation demonstrates that, although true EIT does not occur in the system, an EIT-like plasmonic spectral signature appears through the off-resonant SPP excitation mechanism. All-optical switching can be realized by turning the detuned condition of the coupling field on and off, thereby exhibiting this coherence feature. Furthermore, we show that the present model remains robust in the Doppler-broadened regime, providing a realistic route toward coherence-controlled coupler-free SPP excitation beyond the conventional ideal-EIT framework.

Journal of the Optical Society of America B•Oct 8, 2026•0 citations

Coherent manipulation of intensity interrogation of sensitivity of the surface plasmon polariton waves at the dielectric and silver metal interface

Qaisar Khan, Muhammad Munaim Khan, Bakht Amin Bacha +1 more

Abstract In this manuscript, Intensity interrogation of sensitivity of the surface plasmon polariton waves (SPPs) is coherently manipulated, at the interface of four‐level dielectric medium and silver metal using prism geometry. Sensitivity of SPPs with respect to refractive index is written as . A useful control in sensitivity is reported with probe and control fields detuning, Rabi frequency and decay rate. Sensitivity is a function of probe field detuning and control field Rabi frequency. The maximum sensitivity is reported to with probe field detuning and control field Rabi frequency, while minimum sensitivity is investigated to with control field phase and control field Rabi frequency. The sensitivity in this manuscript shows useful application in biosensor and photovoltaic devices.

International Journal of Quantum Chemistry•Oct 3, 2023•8 citations

Electromagnetically-induced-transparency plasmonics: Quantum-interference-assisted tunable surface-plasmon-polariton resonance and excitation

Jian Qi Shen

An experimentally feasible configuration of a prism coupler with an electromagnetically-induced-transparency (EIT) medium layer, e.g., a semiconductor-quantum-dot (SQD) medium, deposited upon its prism base is suggested for generating tunable surface-plasmon-polariton resonance. Such surface-plasmon-polariton resonance and optical excitation of a surface plasmon wave can be manipulated by switchable quantum interference among SQD multilevel transitions driven by two external control fields. When an incident probe field is coupled into a surface plasmon wave excitation mode, the surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) resonance at the interface between the SQD medium layer and the substrate will arise, and the quantum-coherently controllable reflection spectrum of the probe field on the prism base can be achieved. In this process, destructive and constructive quantum interference (determined by the intensity ratio of the two external control fields) in the SQD multilevel system plays a key role for achieving the tunable reflection spectrum. The EIT-based surface-plasmon-polariton resonance presented here will have three characteristics (some of them would be attractive): (i) switchable quantum interference exhibited by surface plasmon wave excitation, (ii) quantum-coherently controllable surface plasmon polaritons by external optical fields, (iii) surface wave sensitive to dispersion of the SQD quantum coherent medium. Such an effect of controllable optical response based on the quantum-interference switchable surface-plasmon-polariton resonance in the EIT-prism coupler may find some potential applications in design of new photonic and quantum optical devices.

Physical Review A•Aug 11, 2014•17 citations

Surface polaritonic solitons and breathers in a planar plasmonic waveguide structure via electromagnetically induced transparency

Koijam Monika Devi, Gagan Kumar, Amarendra K. Sarma

We propose a scheme for the coupler-free excitation of surface polaritonic solitons and breathers in a planar plasmonic waveguide structure comprising a transparent layer, a metal layer, and a layer of a three-level lambda-type atomic medium. In the proposed system, an enhanced Kerr nonlinearity is achieved via electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in the bottom atomic medium, which can be controlled through proper modulation of the frequency detunings and Rabi frequencies of the driving laser fields. This nonlinearity balances the dispersion in the system, thus providing the necessary condition for the excitation of polaritonic solitons in the proposed system. As a result, the system yields laterally self-trapped bright and dark surface polaritonic solitons that are tightly guided at the interface of the metal and the EIT medium. Furthermore, we investigate the excitation of surface polaritonic Akhmediev breathers at the metal-EIT medium interface in the proposed system. A stable propagation of the surface polaritonic Akhmediev breathers is achieved with the proper choice of parameters in the proposed planar plasmonic waveguide structure. This experimentally feasible scheme could be significant in the development of highly compact nanophotonic devices in the optical regime.

arXiv:1906.01860•Journal of the Optical Society of America B•Jul 18, 2019•5 citations

Quantum coherent control of intensity- interrogation optical sensing of surface plasmon polaritons using a radio-frequency-driven atomic medium

Ibrar Ul Haq, Abdul Majeeed, Zeeshan Ali +1 more

In this work, a four-level atomic medium driven by radio-frequency (RF) coupled to a plasmonic structure is employed to manipulate the optical response actively. The sensitivity S I is analyzed under variations of RF coupling strength, control-field Rabi frequency, and probe detuning. The results reveal that RF modulation dramatically alters dispersion and absorption properties, resulting in variation in significant intensity-interrogation sensitivity. Under suitable tuning settings, a maximum calculated sensitivity of 2000 Wm −2 / RIU is obtained. The radio-frequency coupling provides an effective mechanism for controlling and optimizing the intensity-interrogation sensitivity of SPPs. The obtained results demonstrate a dynamically tunable approach for enhanced plasmonic sensors and tunable optical devices.

Applied Optics•Jun 18, 2026•0 citations

Manipulation of sensitivity of the surface plasmon polariton waves at the interface of high magneto-optical medium and silver metal using angular interrogation

Qaisar Khan, Bakht Amin Bacha, Iftikhar Ahmad +4 more

In this manuscript, sensitivity of the surface plasmon polariton waves (SPPs) using angular interrogation is coherently manipulated at the interface of four level high magneto-optical medium and silver metal using prism geometry. The control and probe fields detuning, Rabi frequency and decay rate manipulated significantly the angular interrogation of sensitivity of the surface plasmon polariton waves. The permittivity ϵd and permeability μd of the high magneto-optical medium play an important role in the manipulation of the sensitivity. The sensitivity is a function of control field detuning. The maximum sensitivity is reported to 800 deg/RIU with control field detuning. The minimum sensitivity is investigated to 6 deg/RIU with probe field detuning and Rabi frequency of control field. The reported results have useful applications in data storage and chemical sensing technologies.

Results in Physics•Aug 25, 2023•10 citations
Abstract We present a comprehensive theoretical study on the controlling of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) excitation at the metal–dielectric (silver-Rb atoms) interface using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The results demonstrate that the excitation of SPPs can efficiently be controlled by utilizing the system parameters, e . g . atomic density, pump Rabi frequency and metal thickness. A significant probe field enhancement is achieved by adjusting the pump Rabi frequency and atomic number density, and it can be further optimized by precise tuning of the metal thickness. The resonance angle as well as reflection and transmission of the probe field are found to be highly sensitive to the probe frequency detuning. A notable displacement of the probe transmission peak position is also observed with the increasing pump Rabi frequency. These findings provide tunable control of SPPs using an EIT medium, which may find potential applications in the domains of quantum plasmonic sensor-based devices and quantum communication.
Quantum coherence controlled by the resonant condition of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) has attracted considerable attention for the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in various metal–dielectric hybrid structures. However, for all coherent fields operating resonantly in the system, the exact extent to which perfect EIT is effective in establishing coupler-free SPP excitation has not yet been well examined. Here, we investigate the excitation of SPPs in an air–metal–atom composite structure incorporating a three-level Λ-type atomic model that operates in the strong ground-state coherence-dephasing regime. Such decoherence limits the establishment of true EIT under the condition of two-photon Raman resonance. It is found that, although the characteristic narrow resonant field enhancement associated with EIT mediated by the resonant fields disappears, significant SPP-assisted field enhancement survives over a broad off-resonant spectral region. This behavior originates from the preservation of the momentum-matching condition together with the fulfillment of the dielectric requirements for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in the normal-dispersion regime. If the coupling field is tuned to the SPR condition, the detuned two-photon Raman resonance plays a vital role in structuring a doublet in the spectral response of an initially single-peaked broadband SPP excitation. This observation demonstrates that, although true EIT does not occur in the system, an EIT-like plasmonic spectral signature appears through the off-resonant SPP excitation mechanism. All-optical switching can be realized by turning the detuned condition of the coupling field on and off, thereby exhibiting this coherence feature. Furthermore, we show that the present model remains robust in the Doppler-broadened regime, providing a realistic route toward coherence-controlled coupler-free SPP excitation beyond the conventional ideal-EIT framework.
Abstract In this manuscript, Intensity interrogation of sensitivity of the surface plasmon polariton waves (SPPs) is coherently manipulated, at the interface of four‐level dielectric medium and silver metal using prism geometry. Sensitivity of SPPs with respect to refractive index is written as . A useful control in sensitivity is reported with probe and control fields detuning, Rabi frequency and decay rate. Sensitivity is a function of probe field detuning and control field Rabi frequency. The maximum sensitivity is reported to with probe field detuning and control field Rabi frequency, while minimum sensitivity is investigated to with control field phase and control field Rabi frequency. The sensitivity in this manuscript shows useful application in biosensor and photovoltaic devices.
An experimentally feasible configuration of a prism coupler with an electromagnetically-induced-transparency (EIT) medium layer, e.g., a semiconductor-quantum-dot (SQD) medium, deposited upon its prism base is suggested for generating tunable surface-plasmon-polariton resonance. Such surface-plasmon-polariton resonance and optical excitation of a surface plasmon wave can be manipulated by switchable quantum interference among SQD multilevel transitions driven by two external control fields. When an incident probe field is coupled into a surface plasmon wave excitation mode, the surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) resonance at the interface between the SQD medium layer and the substrate will arise, and the quantum-coherently controllable reflection spectrum of the probe field on the prism base can be achieved. In this process, destructive and constructive quantum interference (determined by the intensity ratio of the two external control fields) in the SQD multilevel system plays a key role for achieving the tunable reflection spectrum. The EIT-based surface-plasmon-polariton resonance presented here will have three characteristics (some of them would be attractive): (i) switchable quantum interference exhibited by surface plasmon wave excitation, (ii) quantum-coherently controllable surface plasmon polaritons by external optical fields, (iii) surface wave sensitive to dispersion of the SQD quantum coherent medium. Such an effect of controllable optical response based on the quantum-interference switchable surface-plasmon-polariton resonance in the EIT-prism coupler may find some potential applications in design of new photonic and quantum optical devices.
We propose a scheme for the coupler-free excitation of surface polaritonic solitons and breathers in a planar plasmonic waveguide structure comprising a transparent layer, a metal layer, and a layer of a three-level lambda-type atomic medium. In the proposed system, an enhanced Kerr nonlinearity is achieved via electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in the bottom atomic medium, which can be controlled through proper modulation of the frequency detunings and Rabi frequencies of the driving laser fields. This nonlinearity balances the dispersion in the system, thus providing the necessary condition for the excitation of polaritonic solitons in the proposed system. As a result, the system yields laterally self-trapped bright and dark surface polaritonic solitons that are tightly guided at the interface of the metal and the EIT medium. Furthermore, we investigate the excitation of surface polaritonic Akhmediev breathers at the metal-EIT medium interface in the proposed system. A stable propagation of the surface polaritonic Akhmediev breathers is achieved with the proper choice of parameters in the proposed planar plasmonic waveguide structure. This experimentally feasible scheme could be significant in the development of highly compact nanophotonic devices in the optical regime.
In this work, a four-level atomic medium driven by radio-frequency (RF) coupled to a plasmonic structure is employed to manipulate the optical response actively. The sensitivity S I is analyzed under variations of RF coupling strength, control-field Rabi frequency, and probe detuning. The results reveal that RF modulation dramatically alters dispersion and absorption properties, resulting in variation in significant intensity-interrogation sensitivity. Under suitable tuning settings, a maximum calculated sensitivity of 2000 Wm −2 / RIU is obtained. The radio-frequency coupling provides an effective mechanism for controlling and optimizing the intensity-interrogation sensitivity of SPPs. The obtained results demonstrate a dynamically tunable approach for enhanced plasmonic sensors and tunable optical devices.
In this manuscript, sensitivity of the surface plasmon polariton waves (SPPs) using angular interrogation is coherently manipulated at the interface of four level high magneto-optical medium and silver metal using prism geometry. The control and probe fields detuning, Rabi frequency and decay rate manipulated significantly the angular interrogation of sensitivity of the surface plasmon polariton waves. The permittivity ϵd and permeability μd of the high magneto-optical medium play an important role in the manipulation of the sensitivity. The sensitivity is a function of control field detuning. The maximum sensitivity is reported to 800 deg/RIU with control field detuning. The minimum sensitivity is investigated to 6 deg/RIU with probe field detuning and Rabi frequency of control field. The reported results have useful applications in data storage and chemical sensing technologies.