Quantum secret sharing (QSS) ensures secure information distribution among multiple parties but is vulnerable to noise. We analyze the effects of bit-flip, phase-flip, and amplitudedamping noise on the multiparty QSS for classical message protocol proposed by Zhang et al. (Phys. Rev. A, 71:044301, 2005) and propose an efficient quantum error correction (QEC) implementation using a simplified Shor's code. By exploiting the particular structure of the QSS, we reduce the resource requirements from the default 9 qubits of Shor's code to as small as 3 qubits and still achieve a lower average error rate. Simulation results confirm that QEC enhances the protocol's robustness, making it more practical for real-world applications.
Quantum secret sharing (QSS) ensures secure information distribution among multiple parties but is vulnerable to noise. We analyze the effects of bit-flip, phase-flip, and amplitudedamping noise on the multiparty QSS for classical message protocol proposed by Zhang et al. (Phys. Rev. A, 71:044301, 2005) and propose an efficient quantum error correction (QEC) implementation using a simplified Shor's code. By exploiting the particular structure of the QSS, we reduce the resource requirements from the default 9 qubits of Shor's code to as small as 3 qubits and still achieve a lower average error rate. Simulation results confirm that QEC enhances the protocol's robustness, making it more practical for real-world applications.
A multiparty quantum secret sharing (QSS) protocol of classical messages (i.e., classical bits) is proposed by using swapping quantum entanglement of Bell states. The secret messages are imposed on Bell states by local unitary operations. The secret messages are split into several parts, and each part is distributed to a separate party so that no action of a subset of all the parties without the cooperation of the entire group is able to read out the secret messages. In addition, dense coding is used in this protocol to achieve a high efficiency. The security of the present multiparty QSS against eavesdropping has been analyzed and confirmed even in a noisy quantum channel.
Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a cryptography technique relying on the transmission and manipulation of quantum states to distribute secret information across multiple participants securely. However, quantum systems are susceptible to various types of noise that can compromise their security and reliability. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the influence of noise on QSS to ensure their effectiveness and practicality in real-world quantum communication. This paper studies the impact of various noisy environments on multi-dimensional QSS. Using quantum fidelity, we examine the influence of four noise models: d-phase-flip(dpf), dit-flip(df), amplitude damping(ad), and depolarizing(d). It has been discovered that the fidelity declines with an increase in the noise parameter. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the efficiency of the QSS protocol differs significantly across distinct noise models.
Abstract Semi-quantum secret sharing (SQSS) protocols serve as fundamental frameworks in quantum secure multi-party computations, offering the advantage of not requiring all users to possess intricate quantum devices. However, current SQSS protocols mainly cater to bipartite scenarios, with few protocols suitable for multi-party scenarios. Moreover, the multi-party SQSS protocols face limitations such as low qubit efficiency and inability to share deterministic secret information. To address this gap, this paper proposes a multi-party SQSS protocol based on multi-particle GHZ states. In this protocol, the quantum user can distribute the predetermined secret information to multiple classical users with limited quantum capabilities, and only through mutual cooperation among all classical users can the correct secret information be reconstructed. By utilizing measure-flip and reflect operations, the transmitted multi-particle GHZ states can all contribute keys, thereby improving the utilization of transmitted particles. Then, security analysis shows that the protocol’s resilience against prevalent external and internal threats. Additionally, employing IBM Qiskit, we conduct quantum circuit simulations to validate the protocol’s accuracy and feasibility. Finally, compared to similar studies, the proposed protocol has advantages in terms of protocol scalability, qubit efficiency, and shared message types.
Based on the multiparty quantum secret sharing (QSS) protocol called Zhang–Man protocol, the authors proposed two schemes to enhance the transmission efficiency of whole protocol. In the proposed improved protocol, the dealer can transmit double amount of secret messages at a time securely instead of doing the original Zhang–Man protocol twice. Besides, the authors save a lot of cost of whole QSS system. When the amount of secret messages is large and the number of agents is more, the performance of our protocol is much better than the Zhang–Man protocol. The authors also proposed a reuse scheme, after the secret message had been deduced, the left qubits can be reused for a new round. All of the scheme the authors mentioned above could be extended to multiparty cases in practice.
A multiparty quantum secret sharing scheme based on Bell-state entanglement swapping [Z. J. Zhang and Z. X. Man (2005)] is generalized to the qutrit case, that is, with qutrit-pair entangled states we propose a multiparty quantum secret sharing (QSS) scheme of classical messages by swapping qutrit-state entanglement. The security of our scheme is analyzed and confirmed with respect to some attacks. Compared to the scheme being generalized, this scheme possesses the distinct advantages of higher code capacity and higher security. Moreover, the generalization of the scheme to the qudit case is also outined.
Quantum Secret Sharing (QSS) employs the principles of quantum entanglement to securely distribute confidential information among multiple participants, such that the original secret can only be recovered through collaboration among an authorized subset of users. While QSS offers information-theoretic security independent of computational assumptions, its practical deployment on Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) hardware remains challenging. The presence of device imperfections, including gate errors, decoherence, and measurement inaccuracies, adversely affects quantum state fidelity and reduces the reliability of secret reconstruction during protocol execution. This paper presents a noise-resilient multiparty QSS framework integrating a (2,3)- threshold Shamir Secret Sharing scheme over Galois Field GF (8) with nine-qubit Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) entanglement circuits, fully implemented on the IBM ibm_kingston 156-qubit Heron r2 quantum processor. A three-phase experimental methodology is adopted: noiseless simulation via Qiskit Aer, authentic hardware execution with 1024 measurement shots, and a combined Local Readout Error Mitigation (LRE) and Zero Noise Extrapolation (ZNE) pipeline. Across 24 participants in eight secret-sharing sessions, hardware noise introduced a 6.0% accuracy degradation relative to the ideal baseline, which the LRE+ZNE pipeline substantially recovered. The (2,3)-threshold security invariant was preserved throughout all phases, with singleplayer reconstruction rates held at exactly 0.000, well below the 12.5% random-guess baseline. Security is further reinforced through CRYSTALS-Kyber512 (NIST FIPS 203) post-quantum authentication, SHA-256 share commitments, SHA3-256 fairness verification, and bulletin board consensus, with verified resistance against seven attack categories. Results confirm that reliable hardware-validated QSS on current NISQ devices is achievable through systematic multi-technique error mitigation.