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arXiv:quant-ph/0406103 · Physical Review A

Multiparty quantum secret sharing of classical messages based on entanglement swapping

Zhanjun Zhang, Zhong‐Xiao Man

Published Aug 4, 2005• 416 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

A multiparty quantum secret sharing (QSS) protocol of classical messages (i.e., classical bits) is proposed by using swapping quantum entanglement of Bell states. The secret messages are imposed on Bell states by local unitary operations. The secret messages are split into several parts, and each part is distributed to a separate party so that no action of a subset of all the parties without the cooperation of the entire group is able to read out the secret messages. In addition, dense coding is used in this protocol to achieve a high efficiency. The security of the present multiparty QSS against eavesdropping has been analyzed and confirmed even in a noisy quantum channel.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.72.022303

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A multiparty quantum secret sharing (QSS) protocol of classical messages (i.e., classical bits) is proposed by using swapping quantum entanglement of Bell states. The secret messages are imposed on Bell states by local unitary operations. The secret messages are split into several parts, and each part is distributed to a separate party so that no action of a subset of all the parties without the cooperation of the entire group is able to read out the secret messages. In addition, dense coding is used in this protocol to achieve a high efficiency. The security of the present multiparty QSS against eavesdropping has been analyzed and confirmed even in a noisy quantum channel.
An experimental feasible scheme of multiparty secret sharing of classical messages is proposed, based on a cavity quantum electrodynamic system. The secret messages are imposed at atomic Bell states initially in the sender's possession by local unitary operations. By swapping quantum entanglement of atomic Bell states, the secret messages are split into several parts and each part is distributed to a separate party. In this case, any subset of the entire party group can not read out the secret message but the entirety via mutual cooperations. In this scheme, to discriminate atomic Bell states. This scheme is insensitive to the cavity decay and the thermal field, and usual joint Bell-state measurements are unnecessary.
A multiparty quantum secret sharing scheme is proposed to utilize the magic properties of entanglement swapping. In this scheme, a set of (2N-1) EPR pairs is used to encode and distribute a secret message to (N-1) parties. Each secret message will be split into (N-1) packets. By performing the local unitary operations and entanglement swapping, each classical bit packet will be encoded secretly into Bell states so no subset of parties but their entire cooperation can read out the original secret message. The security of this proposed scheme is also considered.
A multiparty quantum secret sharing scheme based on Bell-state entanglement swapping [Z. J. Zhang and Z. X. Man (2005)] is generalized to the qutrit case, that is, with qutrit-pair entangled states we propose a multiparty quantum secret sharing (QSS) scheme of classical messages by swapping qutrit-state entanglement. The security of our scheme is analyzed and confirmed with respect to some attacks. Compared to the scheme being generalized, this scheme possesses the distinct advantages of higher code capacity and higher security. Moreover, the generalization of the scheme to the qudit case is also outined.
Quantum secret sharing (QSS), an important branch of quantum communication, is the generalization of classical secret sharing into quantum scenario. The secret messages are split into several parts, and each part is distributed to a separate party so that no action of a subset of all the parties without the cooperation of the entire group is able to read out the secret messages. In this paper, a quantum state sharing protocol is proposed by using entanglement swapping and random EPR selection. The EPR pairs of Bell-state measurement are selected randomly by the sender Alice, which can improve the security of the scheme and raise probability of detecting Eve to 95.8%. In addition, difference coding is used in this protocol to achieve a high efficiency. The security of the present multiparty QSS against eavesdropping has been analyzed. It is convenient in application as it require only two qubit entanglements, one measuring-basis and two-qubit joint measurements, not GHZ states, for sharing an arbitrary secret two-qubit state.
Classical secret sharing proposed by Shamir used classical computational power in classical cryptography to achieve secret key sharing, but with the advent of quantum systems, computational power can be overruled. To ensure a secure secret sharing scheme independent of computational power, a scheme independent of computational complexity is needed to achieve security. This paper will provide a protocol dependent on inherent secure nature of quantum cryptography (quantum no cloning theorem and quantum measurement rule). A secure multiparty quantum secret sharing scheme has been proposed to ensure that no one can eavesdrop or extract any share of the secret message via inherent security provided by quantum entanglement swapping and quantum teleportation. Entanglement swapping is a process that allows two non-interacting quantum systems to be entangled. Whereas, Quantum teleportation allows a party to send a qubit to another entangled party without sending the qubit over the channel. Moreover, in order to ensure security against possible active attacks, sender himself will generate and distribute EPR pairs to be used in the scheme. Result will be a secure multiparty QSS scheme which will be secure against internal and external eavesdropping, masquerading and brute-force attacks.
To improve the efficiency of quantum secret sharing, a protocol share the message directly among the users was proposed. The scheme made full use of entanglement swapping of Bell states and local operations. For detection of eavesdropping, the EPR pairs were divided into two parts: the checking parts and the encoding parts. After insuring the security of the quantum channel by measuring the checking particles in conjugate bases, the sender encoded her bits via the local unitary operations on the encoding parts. Investigation shows that the protocol is secure and two Bell states can be used to share two bits message.