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Advanced Quantum Technologies

Rydberg‐Atom–Interfaced Hybrid Three‐Body Entangling Gates in Quantum Network

Pei‐Yao Song, F.-Q. Guo, Jin‐Lei Wu, Shi‐Lei Su

Published Sep 18, 2025• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Hybrid quantum systems provide versatile physical properties that could be qualified for high‐fidelity quantum information storage, distribution, and processing in a quantum network. This work proposes to synthesize a hybrid generalized Jaynes‐Cummings (JC) model among two mircowave (MW) cavities and a Rydberg atom, where the Rydberg transition occurs by simultaneously absorbing or emitting two MW photons distributed in different cavities. Based on this synthesized Rydberg two‐mode two‐photon JC (TMTP‐JC) model, a hybrid MW‐MW‐atom Toffoli gate is constructed with the atomic qubit encoded on two stable ground states. Furthermore, the Rydberg atom is considered as an interface in an MW‐optical quantum network and a scheme is demonstrated for generating a three‐body photonic entangled state among the two MW cavities and an optical cavity, assisted by the synthesized Rydberg TMTP‐JC interaction. The proposed setup provides a Rydberg‐state–mediated interface for constructing MW‐MW‐atom three‐qubit gates and entangling three‐body MW‐MW‐optical photons, which may bridge the gap for modular, scalable, and cross‐platform quantum networks.

DOI
10.1002/qute.202500308

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•Jul 25, 2018•0 citations
Abstract Hybrid quantum systems provide versatile physical properties that could be qualified for high‐fidelity quantum information storage, distribution, and processing in a quantum network. This work proposes to synthesize a hybrid generalized Jaynes‐Cummings (JC) model among two mircowave (MW) cavities and a Rydberg atom, where the Rydberg transition occurs by simultaneously absorbing or emitting two MW photons distributed in different cavities. Based on this synthesized Rydberg two‐mode two‐photon JC (TMTP‐JC) model, a hybrid MW‐MW‐atom Toffoli gate is constructed with the atomic qubit encoded on two stable ground states. Furthermore, the Rydberg atom is considered as an interface in an MW‐optical quantum network and a scheme is demonstrated for generating a three‐body photonic entangled state among the two MW cavities and an optical cavity, assisted by the synthesized Rydberg TMTP‐JC interaction. The proposed setup provides a Rydberg‐state–mediated interface for constructing MW‐MW‐atom three‐qubit gates and entangling three‐body MW‐MW‐optical photons, which may bridge the gap for modular, scalable, and cross‐platform quantum networks.
The high-fidelity storage, distribution, and processing of quantum information prefers qubits with different physical properties. Thus hybrid quantum gates interfacing different types of qubits are essential for the realization of complex quantum network structures. A Rydberg-atom-based physical quantum controlled-Z (CZ) gate is proposed to hybridly process the polarization-encoded single-photon optical qubit and the ``Schr\"odinger cat'' microwave qubit. The degradation of the fidelity under the influence of various noise channels, such as microwave cavity loss, spontaneous emission of atom states, and nonadiabaticity effect, etc., has been analyzed through detailed theoretical analysis by deriving the input-output relation of qubit fields. The feasibility and the challenges of the protocol within current technology are also discussed by analyzing the possible experimental parameter settings. Our work opens prospects for future large-scale quantum architecture based on hybrid quantum modules.
We study the atom-photon quantum interface with intracavity Rydberg-blocked atomic ensemble where the ground-Rydberg transition is realized by two-photon transition. Via theoretical analysis, we report our recent findings of the Jaynes-Cummings model on optical domain and robust atom-photon quantum gate enabled by this platform. The requirement on the implementation is mild which includes an optical cavity of moderately high finesse, typical alkali atoms such as Rb or Cs and the condition that cold atomic ensemble is well within the Rydberg blockade radius. The analysis focuses on the atomic ensemble's collective coupling to the quantized optical field in the cavity mode. We demonstrate its capability to serve as a controlled-PHASE gate between photonic qubits and matter qubits. The detrimental effects associated with several major decoherence factors of this system are also considered in the analysis.
The interaction between atoms and a quantized radiation field is fundamentally important in quantum optics and quantum information science. Due to their unusual properties, Rydberg atoms are promising building blocks for two-qubit gates and atom-light quantum interfaces, exploiting the Rydberg blockade interaction which prevents two atoms at close distance ( < 10 μ m ) from being simultaneously excited to Rydberg states. Recently, this effect was used to engineer quantum processors based on arrays of interacting Rydberg atoms illuminated by Raman lasers. Motivated by these experiments, we extend the Jaynes–Cummings model to study the interaction between two Rydberg atoms interacting by the Rydberg blockade and a quantized radiation field. We consider both number (Fock) states of the field and single-mode quantum coherent states. In particular, we discuss different types of entanglements between various components of the total system consisting of the two Rydberg-interacting atoms and coherent states of the field, and show that the behavior is significantly different compared to a system with non-interacting atoms corresponding to the two-atom Tavis-Cummings model. Our results are relevant in view of atom-light quantum interfaces as components for future long-distance quantum communication.
ABSTRACT The realization of coherent coupling between two distinct systems within a hybrid framework represents an effective approach for exploring the unique properties of quantum mechanics. In this paper, we construct a hybrid cavity‐magnon system to achieve coherent coupling between a magnon and two atoms, assisted by the cavity field, when the magnon mode frequency is tuned to nearly twice the atomic transition frequency. This coherent coupling corresponds to the simultaneous excitation of two atoms by a single magnon mode, mediated by virtual states through counter‐rotating processes. Furthermore, this proposal can be directly applied to generate hybrid entanglement among the individual subsystems. A significant characteristic is that the cavity serves merely as a medium that is not effectively excited; therefore, decoherence effects caused by cavity leakage can be substantially suppressed. Moreover, this interaction is reciprocal, allowing two atoms in their ground states to simultaneously absorb one magnon and transition to their excited states, as well as allowing two atoms in their excited states to jointly emit a single magnon. Finally, we demonstrate that this simultaneous joint absorption and emission process can also occur when the two atoms are non‐identical.
We propose a topological transport platform for microwave-to-optical conversion at the single-photon level in a Rydberg atom-cavity setting. This setting leverages a hybrid dual-mode Jaynes-Cummings (JC) configuration, where a microwave resonator couples an optical cavity mediated by a Rydberg atom ensemble. Our scheme uniquely enables the formation of Fock-state lattices (FSLs), where photon hopping rates depend on photon numbers in individual sites. We identify an inherent zero-energy mode corresponding to the dark state of the dual-mode JC model. This enables to build a high-efficiency single-photon transducer, which realizes topologically protected photon transport between the microwave and optical modes. Crucially, we show analytically that the FSL features continuous variations of the winding number. Our work establishes a robust mechanism for efficient quantum transduction in synthetic dimensions and opens avenues for exploring topological physics with continuous winding numbers in the atom-cavity system.
Neutral atoms provide an excellent resource for quantum information processing, combining the long atomic coherence times of the hyperfine ground-state with strong dipole-dipole interactions of highly excited Rydberg states for generating deterministic entanglement between qubits separated by < 10 µm [1]. Scalable long-range interactions can be obtained by coupling the atomic array to a superconducting microwave cavity enabling hybrid quantum information processing where the cavity-mediated entanglement allows atoms to be coupled over cm length scales. We present the first steps towards such an experiment incorporating high fidelity readout using an sCMOS camera [2] and the ability to drive fast, optically addressable rotations of the hyperfine-encoded qubits to the Rydberg state. Using our sub-kHz cavitystabilised laser system [3] we demonstrate coherent control of single Rydberg atoms, performing Ramsey spectroscopy to determine coherence time and to generate entanglement between a pair of atoms separated by 6 µm. Combining this excitation scheme with our ground-state Raman lasers we show progress towards the implementation of a mesoscopic Rydberg gate based on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) offering robust entanglement of multi-atom ensembles [4].