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arXiv:2105.00289 · Physical Review Research

Hybrid Rydberg quantum gate for quantum network

Yubao Liu, Lin Li, Yiqiu Ma

Published Jan 3, 2022• 16 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The high-fidelity storage, distribution, and processing of quantum information prefers qubits with different physical properties. Thus hybrid quantum gates interfacing different types of qubits are essential for the realization of complex quantum network structures. A Rydberg-atom-based physical quantum controlled-Z (CZ) gate is proposed to hybridly process the polarization-encoded single-photon optical qubit and the ``Schr\"odinger cat'' microwave qubit. The degradation of the fidelity under the influence of various noise channels, such as microwave cavity loss, spontaneous emission of atom states, and nonadiabaticity effect, etc., has been analyzed through detailed theoretical analysis by deriving the input-output relation of qubit fields. The feasibility and the challenges of the protocol within current technology are also discussed by analyzing the possible experimental parameter settings. Our work opens prospects for future large-scale quantum architecture based on hybrid quantum modules.

DOI
10.1103/physrevresearch.4.013008

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The high-fidelity storage, distribution, and processing of quantum information prefers qubits with different physical properties. Thus hybrid quantum gates interfacing different types of qubits are essential for the realization of complex quantum network structures. A Rydberg-atom-based physical quantum controlled-Z (CZ) gate is proposed to hybridly process the polarization-encoded single-photon optical qubit and the ``Schr"odinger cat'' microwave qubit. The degradation of the fidelity under the influence of various noise channels, such as microwave cavity loss, spontaneous emission of atom states, and nonadiabaticity effect, etc., has been analyzed through detailed theoretical analysis by deriving the input-output relation of qubit fields. The feasibility and the challenges of the protocol within current technology are also discussed by analyzing the possible experimental parameter settings. Our work opens prospects for future large-scale quantum architecture based on hybrid quantum modules.
In this Letter, we propose a hybrid scheme to implement a photonic controlled-z (CZ) gate using photon storage in highly excited Rydberg states, which controls the effective photon-photon interaction using resonant microwave fields. Our scheme decouples the light propagation from the interaction and exploits the spatial properties of the dipole blockade phenomenon to realize a CZ gate with minimal loss and mode distortion. By excluding the coupling efficiency, fidelities exceeding 95% are achievable and are found to be mainly limited by motional dephasing and the finite lifetime of the Rydberg levels.
Hybrid qubits have recently drawn intense attention in quantum computing. We here propose a method to implement a universal controlled-phase gate of two hybrid qubits via two three-dimensional (3D) microwave cavities coupled to a superconducting flux qutrit. For the gate considered here, the control qubit is a microwave photonic qubit (particle-like qubit), whose two logic states are encoded by the vacuum state and the single-photon state of a cavity, while the target qubit is a cat-state qubit (wave-like qubit), whose two logic states are encoded by the two orthogonal cat states of the other cavity. During the gate operation, the qutrit remains in the ground state; therefore, decoherence from the qutrit is greatly suppressed. The gate realization is quite simple, because only a single basic operation is employed and neither classical pulse nor measurement is used. Our numerical simulations demonstrate that with current circuit quantum electrodynamics technology, this gate can be realized with a high fidelity. The generality of this proposal allows implementing the proposed gate in a wide range of physical systems, such as two 1D or 3D microwave or optical cavities coupled to a natural or artificial three-level atom. Finally, this proposal can be applied to create a novel entangled state between a particle-like photonic qubit and a wave-like cat-state qubit.
Hybrid atom-photon gates play an important role for the realization of a quantum interface capable of mapping atomic states to photons for communication across quantum networks. Here, we propose a feasible theoretical scheme for implementing a hybrid atom-photon controlled-Z gate between an atom and a microwave photon in a superconducting coplanar waveguide resonator based on the Gaussian soft control technique. The gate protocol employs a classical auxiliary field that induces an atomic transition between one state of the atomic qubit and Rydberg states for obtaining strong coupling of the atom and microwave resonator. By tailoring the amplitude of this field with Gaussian temporal modulation, the gate performances are improved in various aspects. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the controlled-Z gate based on Gaussian soft control is resilient to the variation of the atom-photon coupling strength, deviation in the gate time, and less sensitive to the Rydberg level shifts caused by stray electric fields.
We propose a simple method to realize a hybrid controlled–controlled-Z (CCZ) gate with two photonic qubits simultaneously controlling a superconducting (SC) target qubit, by employing two microwave cavities coupled to a SC ququart (a four-level quantum system). In this proposal, each control qubit is a photonic qubit, which is encoded by two arbitrary orthogonal eigenstates (with eigenvalues ±1, respectively) of the photon-number parity operator. Since the two arbitrary encoding states can take various quantum states, this proposal can be applied to realize the hybrid CCZ gate, for which the two control photonic qubits can have various encodings. The gate realization is quite simple because only a basic operation is needed. During the gate operation, the higher energy intermediate levels of the ququart are not occupied, and, thus, decoherence from these levels is greatly suppressed. We further discuss how to apply this gate to generate a hybrid Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) entangled state of a SC qubit and two photonic qubits, which takes a general form. As an example, our numerical simulation demonstrates that high-fidelity generation of a cat–cat–spin hybrid GHZ state is feasible within current circuit QED technology. This proposal is quite general, which can be applied to realize the hybrid CCZ gate as well as to prepare various hybrid GHZ states of a matter qubit and two photonic qubits in other physical systems, such as two microwave or optical cavities coupled to a four-level natural or artificial atom.
Hybrid atom-photon gates play an important role for the realization of a quantum interface capable of mapping atomic states to photons for communication across quantum networks. Here, we propose a feasible theoretical scheme for implementing a hybrid atom-photon controlled-Z gate between an atom and a microwave photon in a superconducting coplanar waveguide resonator based on the Gaussian soft control technique. The gate protocol employs a classical auxiliary field that induces an atomic transition between one state of the atomic qubit and Rydberg states for obtaining strong coupling of the atom and microwave resonator. By tailoring the amplitude of this field with Gaussian temporal modulation, the gate performances are improved in various aspects. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the controlled-Z gate based on Gaussian soft control is resilient to the variation of the atom-photon coupling strength and deviation in the gate time, and it is less sensitive to the Rydberg level shifts caused by stray electric fields.
Abstract Hybrid quantum systems provide versatile physical properties that could be qualified for high‐fidelity quantum information storage, distribution, and processing in a quantum network. This work proposes to synthesize a hybrid generalized Jaynes‐Cummings (JC) model among two mircowave (MW) cavities and a Rydberg atom, where the Rydberg transition occurs by simultaneously absorbing or emitting two MW photons distributed in different cavities. Based on this synthesized Rydberg two‐mode two‐photon JC (TMTP‐JC) model, a hybrid MW‐MW‐atom Toffoli gate is constructed with the atomic qubit encoded on two stable ground states. Furthermore, the Rydberg atom is considered as an interface in an MW‐optical quantum network and a scheme is demonstrated for generating a three‐body photonic entangled state among the two MW cavities and an optical cavity, assisted by the synthesized Rydberg TMTP‐JC interaction. The proposed setup provides a Rydberg‐state–mediated interface for constructing MW‐MW‐atom three‐qubit gates and entangling three‐body MW‐MW‐optical photons, which may bridge the gap for modular, scalable, and cross‐platform quantum networks.