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Observing electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) using tapered atomic cladded nano waveguide in hot atomic vapor

Ilan Sher, Benyamin Shnirman, Roy Zektzer, Robert Löw, Tilman Pfau, Uriel Levy

Published Jan 1, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We observed electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a tapered suspended integrated photonic-atomic waveguide and examined its dependence on control laser power. The EIT phenomenon was confirmed through blue light fluorescence emission.
DOI
10.1364/cleo_si.2025.ss116_4

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Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) enables an otherwise opaque medium to become transparent and can dramatically slow or even temporarily store light pulses within the medium. It provides a robust platform for manipulating and preserving quantum optical signals, making it a powerful tool for quantum information processing and precision sensing. In this work, we demonstrate EIT on a fully integrated, chip-scale platform based on nanoscale atomic suspended waveguides (NASWAGs) surrounded by hot rubidium vapor. These structures provide submillimeter-scale interaction lengths and feature a tapered geometry that extends the optical mode into the surrounding vapor, increasing the atom-light interaction volume and reducing transit-time broadening. Combined with the strong spatial confinement of both probe and control beams, this enables efficient EIT with only a few microwatts of control power. This represents a significant advance over standard nanophotonic platforms, where weak evanescent fields and short interaction times have previously prevented the observation of EIT.
We demonstrate ladder-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) using an optical nanofiber suspended in a warm rubidium vapor. The signal and control fields are both guided along the nanofiber, which enables strong nonlinear interactions with the surrounding atoms at relatively low powers. Transit-time broadening is found to be a significant EIT decoherence mechanism in this tightly confined waveguiding geometry. Nonetheless, we observe significant EIT and controlled polarization rotation using control-field powers of only a few microwatts in this relatively robust warm-atom nanofiber system.
In this work, we demonstrate - for the first time, to the best of our knowledge - electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) on a fully integrated, chip-scale platform based on nanoscale tapered suspended waveguides surrounded by hot rubidium vapour. We further show that these waveguides enable the excitation of rubidium atoms to Rydberg states, and implement an electric readout scheme to detect these atoms by their ionisation currents. The fabrication workflow for standard ridge waveguides made of silicon nitride (Si3N4) is optimised, leading to significantly improved optical quality. Building on this, different techniques for locally suspending photonic structures out of Si3N4 are developed, allowing us to retain the waveguide interconnects between the structures on a conventional SiO2 layer for full chip integration. The use of a sacrificial silicon layer proves to be advantageous for suspending resonator structures, as this method does not change the optical properties of the device, as opposed to other established suspension methods. With these fabrication techniques, high quality suspended tapered waveguides are realised. Spectroscopy measurements on the D2 transition of rubidium confirm that the Doppler and transit time broadening are significantly reduced compared to standard ridge waveguides, owing to the extended evanescent field of the tapered geometry. After this, EIT is demonstrated on the tapered waveguides using a three level ladder scheme, benefiting from the longer atomic interaction times enabled by the extended evanescent field. The experimental results are compared to numerical simulations, showing good agreement. Finally, the excitation to Rydberg levels in the evanescent field of the tapered waveguide is investigated. An electrically contacted vapour cell is designed to detect the current from excited Rydberg atoms, ionised through collisions with ground-state atoms or perturber gases in the cell. Clear Rydberg signals are observed and compared with simulations modelling excitation and ionisation in the confined geometry of the evanescent field. The results indicate that the excitation can indeed occur within the guided mode and that the corresponding ionisation currents are of the same order of magnitude as those measured experimentally. However, strong scattering of the guided light is also observed at the transitions to the underetched regions, suggesting that a fraction of the Rydberg excitation may originate from this scattered light rather than from the evanescent field alone. Further investigations are ongoing at the time of writing to quantify this contribution.