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Franklin Open

Acceptable noise level of quantum circuit for encrypting plaintext

Totok Sutojo, Supriadi Rustad, De Rosal Ignatius Moses Setiadi, Muhamad Akrom, Guruh Fajar Shidik, Hermawan Kresno Dipojono

Published Aug 26, 2025• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

This study investigates quantum cryptography using quantum circuits for encrypting and decrypting plaintext data. Various quantum gates were combined to form encryption and decryption circuits, demonstrating the potential of quantum cryptography to provide a robust security mechanism compared to classical methods. The circuits were evaluated under five major types of quantum noise: depolarizing, amplitude damping, phase damping, Pauli, and reset noise. Results indicate that the circuits remain robust up to noise levels ranging from 0.35 to 0.5, depending on the circuit configuration. Specifically, circuits without Hadamard and rotation gates exhibited greater stability, while circuits incorporating these gates were more susceptible to noise due to induced superposition and entanglement. The permissible quantum state probability thresholds were also established for successful decryption. Furthermore, the proposed encryption method, which processes every two plaintext characters using 16 qubits, outperformed classical encryption schemes across several metrics, including chi-square, entropy, avalanche effect, adjacent bits, and run tests, demonstrating enhanced randomness and diffusion characteristics. These results highlight the potential of quantum circuits to achieve secure encryption with improved performance under practical noise conditions, addressing a critical challenge in quantum cryptography for near-term quantum devices.

DOI
10.1016/j.fraope.2025.100348

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This study investigates quantum cryptography using quantum circuits for encrypting and decrypting plaintext data. Various quantum gates were combined to form encryption and decryption circuits, demonstrating the potential of quantum cryptography to provide a robust security mechanism compared to classical methods. The circuits were evaluated under five major types of quantum noise: depolarizing, amplitude damping, phase damping, Pauli, and reset noise. Results indicate that the circuits remain robust up to noise levels ranging from 0.35 to 0.5, depending on the circuit configuration. Specifically, circuits without Hadamard and rotation gates exhibited greater stability, while circuits incorporating these gates were more susceptible to noise due to induced superposition and entanglement. The permissible quantum state probability thresholds were also established for successful decryption. Furthermore, the proposed encryption method, which processes every two plaintext characters using 16 qubits, outperformed classical encryption schemes across several metrics, including chi-square, entropy, avalanche effect, adjacent bits, and run tests, demonstrating enhanced randomness and diffusion characteristics. These results highlight the potential of quantum circuits to achieve secure encryption with improved performance under practical noise conditions, addressing a critical challenge in quantum cryptography for near-term quantum devices.
Cryptography plays an important role in ensuring data security and authentication within information processing systems. As the prevalence of digital imagery continues to grow, safeguarding this form of data becomes increasingly crucial. However, existing security protocols, reliant on complex mathematical models, exhibit vulnerabilities in effectively protecting information from both internal and external threats. Moreover, the forthcoming advent of quantum computing poses a significant challenge, as it could decrypt data encrypted by classical. In this paper, we propose an efficient implementation scheme for a quantum image encryption algorithm combining the generalized affine transform and logistic map. We evaluated developed quantum circuits using qiskit and quantum devices to validate the encryption technique. Through comprehensive performance analysis, we have demonstrated the efficiency of the chosen encryption algorithm across various criteria. Furthermore, we introduce a hybrid methodology aimed at mitigating circuit complexity and reducing quantum cost. Leveraging the Espresso algorithm and incorporating an ancilla qubit into the circuitry, we achieve a remarkable 50\% reduction in cost while maintaining security and efficiency. Finally, we conducted robustness and security analyses to assess the resilience of our encryption method against diverse noise attacks. The results confirm that our proposed quantum image encryption technique provides a secure solution and offers precise and measurable quantum image processing capabilities.
In the context of secure communication, the increasing capabilities of quantum computing present a significant challenge to traditional encryption methods. To address this issue, this study explores an innovative approach to image encryption by utilizing quantum gates. By harnessing the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics and quantum computing, the research introduces a novel encryption framework implemented through Quantum Circuit in Qiskit. The study begins with a thorough examination of quantum gates and classical encryption techniques, pointing out the vulnerabilities of classical systems in the face of quantum advancements. The encryption process involves converting images into their binary forms and then applying quantum circuits to achieve encryption. Through a series of experiments, the proposed approach’s performance is evaluated by analyzing encrypted images and various security metrics. The findings 139 highlight the potential of quantum-based encryption techniques to enhance the security of communications in the quantum era. This work contributes to the growing field of quantum cryptography by demonstrating the feasibility of applying quantum gates to secure image transmission. Furthermore, it opens the door to exploring future advancements in quantum encryption methods and their practical integration into real-world communication systems.
With the expansion in electronic communication, the significance of cryptography is apparently increasing every year.Encryption is a cryptography technique to send unintelligible information and decryption to restore the information.These techniques usually undergo difficulty with eavesdropping of plaintext and ciphertext.The conventional cryptography is vulnerable to attacks using high computational resources.Necessarily, an elegant concept of Quantum cryptography based on laws of quantum mechanics is introduced to offer secure and private communication.This paper gives a method for encryption and decryption using Toffoli quantum gate named as VBA Quantum Encryption and Decryption Algorithms.The incorporation of gate renders security which acts as a cumbersome to eavesdropping attack.Besides, a way to detect known plaintext, ciphertext only and chosen plaintext attack through public discussion is explained.
The advent of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices has not only opened up new possibilities to studying quantum computational benefits, but it has also presented new challenges associated with noise and short coherence times. Entanglement is one of the inherent resources that can be used to perform quantum computation and implement the performance and reliability of quantum algorithms. This paper looks at entanglement dynamics in NISQ machines subjected to natural noises. The study focuses on the problem of examining the role of various noise channels in the creation, dynamics, and decay of the entanglement during quantum operations, such as depolarizing, amplitude damping, and phase damping. The study is based on theoretical modeling and numerical simulations of multi-qubit quantum circuits to determine the stability of entangled states with respect to circuit depth and intensity of noise. Concurrence and von Neumann entropy are examples of entanglement measures that are used to characterize correlations between qubits as well as to trace the dynamics of these correlations across computational interactions. The results show that noise has major impacts on entanglement distribution, which tends to cause rapid decays in highly entangled states with increase in circuit complexity. The findings, however, also show that there are some circuit architectures and error-mitigation schemes that can somewhat sustain entanglement with moderate levels of noise. The paper also emphasizes the relevance of minimalizing sequence of gates, and reduced circuit depth in an effort to preserve useful entanglement in present-day quantum hardware. These observations help in understanding the behaviour of quantum correlations better in real world quantum devices and provide a way of developing more resilient quantum algorithms that would work on NISQ systems. In general, the article offers a systematic view on entanglement behavior in disordered quantum systems and highlights its value in the development of quantum computing applications in the near term.
Encryption of data is a cornerstone of information security with confidentiality, integrity, and availability of sensitive information. However, the advent of quantum computing (QC) adds complexity to the classical encryption mechanisms by threatening their quantum resilience. This work looks into incorporating QC into cryptographic schemes through the evolution of an Elliptic Quantum Cryptosystem (EQC), fusing elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) and quantum annealing. The objective is to offer protection against attacks in conventional cryptographic schemes and enhance quantum attack resistance. Quantum annealing maximizes encryption through quantum fluctuations to locate best solutions, resulting in higher efficiency and reliability. The research examines top performance measures, including encryption time, decryption time, bit error rate (BER), computational efficiency, level of security, and scalability. Experimental results confirm that the proposed EQC technique has improved performance compared to existing approaches. Specifically, it takes 35 ms encryption time, 40 ms decryption time, 0.0005% BER, 80 seconds computational complexity, 9 level of security, and graded scalability as 8. These outcomes confirm the efficiency of the approach in enhancing encryption security and adaptability against quantum attacks. The problem addressed is the vulnerability of classical encryption systems to quantum advancements. By the addition of quantum-safe procedures, EQC provides a safe alternative, ensuring data confidentiality and integrity during the era of quantum. Disadvantages are the challenge in using quantum annealing and scalability problems for larger datasets. Future researches need to focus on the optimization of quantum approaches, addressing scalability issues, and studying real-world applications to ensure the generalizability of this new approach.
With the advent of efficient quantum algorithms and technological advances, design of quantum circuits has gained importance. In this paper, Quantum circuit using standard quantum gates is constructed for the transmission of quantum encrypted check bits. The proposed scheme is analogous to the first QKD (quantum key distribution) protocol, (BB84) where the check bits are used to detect the level of noise and evesdropping on the channel. The gates used in this work are easily realizable and the encoding and decoding of classical information bits is extended for multiple bits using dense coding scheme.