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Physical Review A

Unique quantum advantages by manipulation of atoms in quantum batteries

Dayang Zhang, Shuangquan Ma, Youbin Yu, Guangri Jin, Aixi Chen

Published Aug 4, 2025• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The advent of quantum batteries (QBs) has coincided with the accelerated progress in quantum science and technology. Here, we propose a novel double-cavity QB design, wherein the maximum charging power can be enhanced to ${N}^{2.5}$ times or even higher, up to ${N}^{3}$ times, through the manipulation of atomic distribution, which surpasses the upper limit of ${N}^{2}$ reported in previous study. The advantage of this manipulation is pronounced with an increasing number of atoms in the QB. A significant atom number discrepancy between the two cavities results in the simultaneous optimization of charging power and battery capacity, thereby enhancing charging efficiency without compromising energy storage capacity. Additionally, by modulating the number of atoms within each cavity, the QB is theoretically capable of transitioning between ``fast charging'' and ``slow charging'' modes. Notably, in an open system environment, the superiority of the QB is even more pronounced, with negligible energy loss at the final steady state relative to the maximum energy storage of an isolated system.

DOI
10.1103/3tm5-vsqw

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The advent of quantum batteries (QBs) has coincided with the accelerated progress in quantum science and technology. Here, we propose a novel double-cavity QB design, wherein the maximum charging power can be enhanced to N2.5{N}^{2.5}N2.5 times or even higher, up to N3{N}^{3}N3 times, through the manipulation of atomic distribution, which surpasses the upper limit of N2{N}^{2}N2 reported in previous study. The advantage of this manipulation is pronounced with an increasing number of atoms in the QB. A significant atom number discrepancy between the two cavities results in the simultaneous optimization of charging power and battery capacity, thereby enhancing charging efficiency without compromising energy storage capacity. Additionally, by modulating the number of atoms within each cavity, the QB is theoretically capable of transitioning between fast charging'' and slow charging'' modes. Notably, in an open system environment, the superiority of the QB is even more pronounced, with negligible energy loss at the final steady state relative to the maximum energy storage of an isolated system.
With the rapid development of quantum science and technology, quantum batteries have also emerged. However, there are still many unresolved issues in the field of quantum batteries. For example, how to improve battery space utilization, maximize battery energy storage, and how to increase and control the charging power of quantum batteries. A major challenge is how to achieve better charging power without reducing the energy storage of the quantum batteries. Here, we propose a controllable dual-cavity quantum battery which can increase the charging power without diminishing capacity of the quantum batteries by manipulating the number of atoms . This control method can effectively adjust the charging power of quantum batteries from N2N^2N2 times to N2.5N^2.5N2.5 times, and even to N3N^3N3 times. By adjusting the number of atoms, quantum batteries can achieve theoretical "fast charging" and "slow charging".
Abstract We investigate a three-level quantum battery (QB) coupled to a two-mode cavity, focusing on VVV-type, Ξ\XiΞ-type and Λ\LambdaΛ-type atomic configurations. Three-level QBs exhibit enhanced complexity in their characteristic properties compared to two-level QBs, arising fundamentally from their distinctive energy level configurations. By investigating three distinct classes of initial cavity states—Fock states, coherent states, and squeezed states—we demonstrate that adjusting the ratio of photon numbers at distinct frequencies enhances both the maximum stored energy and ergotropy, while simultaneously reducing the time to reach maximum stored energy. Moreover, while the cavity-environment interaction inevitably induces persistent energy dissipation, strategic manipulation of frequency-dependent photon decay rates enables optimization of three critical performance metrics: the maximum stored energy, maximum ergotropy, and charging power at the initialization stage.
Quantum information theorems state that it is possible to exploit collective quantum resources to greatly enhance the charging power of quantum batteries (QBs) made of many identical elementary units. We here present and solve a model of a QB that can be engineered in solid-state architectures. It consists of N two-level systems coupled to a single photonic mode in a cavity. We contrast this collective model ("Dicke QB"), whereby entanglement is genuinely created by the common photonic mode, to the one in which each two-level system is coupled to its own separate cavity mode ("Rabi QB"). By employing exact diagonalization, we demonstrate the emergence of a quantum advantage in the charging power of Dicke QBs, which scales like sqrt[N] for N≫1.
Abstract Quantum batteries (QBs) have been proposed as devices that exploit the advantage of quantum resources, such as coherence and entanglement, to improve charging performance. In this study, we theoretically investigate a QB model based on two coupled double quantum dots (TDQDs) implemented on the well-established AlGaAs/GaAs platform for quantum nanodevice fabrication. Using ergotropy and power as key performance indicators, we examine how various system parameters affect the energy performance of the QB. Our study begins with an analysis of quantum resources in the QB’s initial state, followed by an examination of how control parameters that influence these resources impact the modeling and performance of the battery. Our results demonstrate that increasing the energy offset improves ergotropy and power but reduces quantum correlations. Conversely, increasing tunneling couplings leads to a non-monotonic variation in the maximum ergotropy, which peaks at a certain point before decreasing, closely following the behavior of quantum entanglement despite continued growth in quantum coherence. This highlights the feasibility of efficient energy storage in quantum dots (QDs) for use in quantum batteries (QBs). It also emphasizes that coherence alone is insufficient for optimal performance and that other quantum correlations are necessary and must be carefully considered to fully exploit the potential of quantum resources.
We propose a cavity Heisenberg-spin-chain (CHS) quantum battery (QB) with the long-range interactions and investigate its charging process. The performance of the CHS QB is substantially improved compared to the Heisenberg spin chain (HS) QB. When the number of spins $N\ensuremath{\gg}1$, the quantum advantage $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ of the QB's maximum charging power can be obtained, which approximately satisfies the superlinear scaling relation ${P}_{\mathrm{max}}\ensuremath{\propto}{N}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$. The CHS QB can approach $\ensuremath{\alpha}=2$ by optimizing the parameters. We find that the maximum stored energy of the CHS QB has a critical phenomenon. By analyzing the Wigner function, von Neumann entropy, and logarithmic negativity, we demonstrate that entanglement can be a necessary ingredient for QB to store more energy, but not sufficient.
Efficient Charging of the Quantum Battery Based on the Driven Heisenberg J1−J2J1−J2{\it J}_{1}-{\it J}_{2}J1​−J2​ Model
Abstract The use of an optical cavity to embed an ensemble of two‐level system, holds promise for enhancing the charging power of a quantum battery. In this study, an ultrafast charging quantum battery based on the driven Heisenberg model is proposed. Various charging performance metrics are analyzed, including energy storage, average charging power, and energy quantum fluctuation. Additionally, the dependence of the maximum energy storage and the maximum charging power on the number of atoms is also discussed. Notably, a quantum advantage is obtained in the maximum charging power, which can be approximately described by the scaling relation . When the coupling between atoms and the cavity is not strong, it is further showed that such a quantum battery can reach the quantum advantage by optimizing parameters under the collective charging scheme. Finally, regarding the external environment as a resource for auxiliary charging, a more stable charging process can be achieved for the quantum battery.