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Physical review. E

Fast stable adiabatic charging of open quantum batteries

M. A. Fasihi, R. Jafarzadeh Bahrbeig, B. Mojaveri, R. Haji Mohammadzadeh

Published Jul 18, 2025• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Recent theoretical and experimental protocols for the stable and effective charging of open quantum batteries (QBs), in particular adiabatic charging of three-level QBs via stimulated Raman adiabatic passages, have sparked renewed interest in adiabatic quantum dynamics. A central question is whether exploiting the adiabatic master equation could provide advantages over the previous studies in the effective charging of open QBs. To answer this question, we revisit the adiabatic charging of three-level QB by using the adiabatic quantum master equation formalism. We restrict ourselves to the weak-coupling regime with an Ohmic thermal bath and investigate the effects of relaxation and dephasing on the charging process. It is also worth emphasizing that our protocol to investigate the charging process of QBs based on the adiabatic master equation despite the previous studies is not phenomenological and is general. We analyze the dependence of the stored energy, ergotropy, as well as the efficiency of the QB on the total time of evolution t_{f}. We demonstrate that for very short charging time (t_{f}), where the evolution is highly nonadiabatic, the stored energy and ergotropy are very small. However, by increasing t_{f} we show that there is an optimal charging time t_{f}^{opt} in which, at low temperatures, we could fully charge the battery and effectively extract the entire amount of energy from it. Note that the optimal charging time could be decreased by adjusting the strength of the coupling between the system and environment and also be the appropriate choice of the Hamiltonian parameters, which, in turn, speed up the charging process. However, we show that for very long charging time t_{f} the charging energy, ergotropy, and efficiency decrease due to thermal excitations. Furthermore, to obtain more insights about the problem we investigate the distance between the density matrix of a system at optimal charging time t_{f}^{opt} and the corresponding thermal state by using the one-norm distance.

DOI
10.1103/6c73-ll23

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Recent theoretical and experimental protocols for the stable and effective charging of open quantum batteries (QBs), in particular adiabatic charging of three-level QBs via stimulated Raman adiabatic passages, have sparked renewed interest in adiabatic quantum dynamics. A central question is whether exploiting the adiabatic master equation could provide advantages over the previous studies in the effective charging of open QBs. To answer this question, we revisit the adiabatic charging of three-level QB by using the adiabatic quantum master equation formalism. We restrict ourselves to the weak-coupling regime with an Ohmic thermal bath and investigate the effects of relaxation and dephasing on the charging process. It is also worth emphasizing that our protocol to investigate the charging process of QBs based on the adiabatic master equation despite the previous studies is not phenomenological and is general. We analyze the dependence of the stored energy, ergotropy, as well as the efficiency of the QB on the total time of evolution t_{f}. We demonstrate that for very short charging time (t_{f}), where the evolution is highly nonadiabatic, the stored energy and ergotropy are very small. However, by increasing t_{f} we show that there is an optimal charging time t_{f}^{opt} in which, at low temperatures, we could fully charge the battery and effectively extract the entire amount of energy from it. Note that the optimal charging time could be decreased by adjusting the strength of the coupling between the system and environment and also be the appropriate choice of the Hamiltonian parameters, which, in turn, speed up the charging process. However, we show that for very long charging time t_{f} the charging energy, ergotropy, and efficiency decrease due to thermal excitations. Furthermore, to obtain more insights about the problem we investigate the distance between the density matrix of a system at optimal charging time t_{f}^{opt} and the corresponding thermal state by using the one-norm distance.
We revisit the adiabatic charging of a three-level QBs, using the adiabatic quantum master equation formalism. We restrict ourselves to the weak-coupling regime with an Ohmic thermal bath and investigate the effects of relaxation and dephasing on the charging process. We analyze the dependence of the stored energy, ergotropy as well as efficiency of QB on the total time of evolution tft_ftf​. We demonstrate that for very short charging time (tft_ftf​), where the evolution is highly non-adiabatic, the stored energy and ergotropy are very small. However, with increasing tft_ftf​ we show that there is an optimal charging time, tfoptt_f^{opt}tfopt​, for maximum energy charging such that at low temperatures we could fully charge the battery and effectively extract the whole amount of energy from it. Note that, the optimal charging time could be decreased by adjusting strength of the coupling between system and environment and also appropriate choice of the Hamiltonian parameters which in turn speed up the charging process. On the other hand, we show that for very long charing time tft_ftf​ the charging energy, ergotropy and efficiency decrease due to thermal excitations. Furthermore to get more insights about the problem we investigate the distance between density matrix of system at optimal charging time tfoptt_f^{opt}tfopt​ and the corresponding thermal state using one-norm distance.
The performance of open quantum batteries (QBs) is severely limited by decoherence due to the interaction with the surrounding environment. So, protecting the charging processes against decoherence is of great importance for realizing QBs. In this work we address this issue by developing a charging process of a qubit-based open QB composed of a qubit-battery and a qubit-charger, where each qubit moves inside an independent cavity reservoir. Our results show that, in both the Markovian and non-Markovian dynamics, the charging characteristics, including the charging energy, efficiency and ergotropy, regularly increase with increasing the speed of charger and battery qubits. Interestingly, when the charger and battery move with higher velocities, the initial energy of the charger is completely transferred to the battery in the Markovian dynamics. In this situation, it is possible to extract the total stored energy as work for a long time. Our findings show that open moving-qubit systems are robust and reliable QBs, thus making them a promising candidate for experimental implementations.
Quantum batteries are energy storage devices that satisfy quantum mechanical principles. How to improve the battery’s performance such as stored energy and power is a crucial element in the quantum battery. Here, we investigate the charging and discharging dynamics of a three-level counterdiabatic stimulated Raman adiabatic passage quantum battery via shortcuts to adiabaticity, which can compensate for undesired transitions to realize a fast adiabatic evolution through the application of an additional control field to an initial Hamiltonian. The scheme can significantly speed up the charging and discharging processes of a three-level quantum battery and obtain more stored energy and higher power compared with the original stimulated Raman adiabatic passage. We explore the effect of both the amplitude and the delay time of driving fields on the performances of the quantum battery. Possible experimental implementation in superconducting circuit and nitrogen-vacancy center is also discussed.
An open quantum battery (QB) model of a single qubit system charging in a coherent auxiliary bath (CAB) consisting of a series of independent coherent ancillae is considered. According to the collision charging protocol we derive a quantum master equation and obtain the analytical solution of QB in a steady state. We find that the full charging capacity (or the maximal extractable work (MEW)) of QB, in the weak QB-ancilla coupling limit, is positively correlated with the coherence magnitude of ancilla. Combining with the numerical simulations we compare with the charging properties of QB at finite coupling strength, such as the MEW, average charging power and the charging efficiency, when considering the bath to be a thermal auxiliary bath (TAB) and a CAB, respectively. We find that when the QB with CAB, in the weak coupling regime, is in fully charging, both its capacity and charging efficiency can go beyond its classical counterpart, and they increase with the increase of coherence magnitude of ancilla. In addition, the MEW of QB in the regime of relative strong coupling and strong coherent magnitude shows the oscillatory behavior with the charging time increasing, and the first peak value can even be larger than the full charging MEW of QB. This also leads to a much larger average charging power than that of QB with TAB in a short-time charging process. These features suggest that with the help of quantum coherence of CAB it becomes feasible to switch the charging schemes between the long-time slow charging protocol with large capacity and high efficiency and the short-time rapid charging protocol with highly charging power only by adjusting the coupling strength of QB-ancilla. This work clearly demonstrates that the quantum coherence of bath can not only serve as the role of “fuel” of QB to be utilized to improve the QB’s charging performance but also provide an alternative way to integrate the different charging protocols into a single QB.
Quantum battery is an emerging subject in the field of quantum thermodynamics, which is applied to charge, store and dispatch energy in quantum systems. In this work, we propose a fast and stable charging protocol based on the adiabatic evolution for the dark state of a three-level quantum battery. It combines the conventional stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) and the quantum transitionless driving technique. The charging process can be accelerated up to nearly one order in magnitude even under constraint of the strength of counter-diabatic driving. To perform the charging protocol in the Rydberg atomic system as a typical platform for STIRAP, the prerequisite driving pulses are modified to avoid the constraint of the forbidden transition. Moreover, our protocol is found to be more robust against the environmental dissipation and dephasing than the conventional STIRAP.
The quantum battery (QB), which can potentially store or dispatch energy more efficiently with quantum advantage, has attracted considerable attention lately in the field of quantum thermodynamics. With its quantum advantage, a QB could be charged more efficiently than the classical battery. In this paper, we theoretically and experimentally exploit the frequency-modulated stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (fmod-STIRAP) technique to improve the charging (discharging) efficiency of a cascaded three-level QB that is constituted by a superconducting transmon qutrit. The evolution of the qutrit and its thermodynamic properties are analyzed by carrying out the three-level quantum state tomography on the device. Our experimental results, which are confirmed by numerical simulations, show that the fmod-STIRAP technique yields remarkable advantages in population, ergotropy, and power in the charging (discharging) process.