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Applied Physics Letters

Efficient charging and discharging of a superconducting quantum battery through frequency-modulated driving

Yangyang Ge, Xiangmin Yu, Wei Xin, Zhimin Wang, Yu Zhang, Wen Zheng, Shaoxiong Li, Dong Lan, Yang Yu

Published Oct 9, 2023• 27 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The quantum battery (QB), which can potentially store or dispatch energy more efficiently with quantum advantage, has attracted considerable attention lately in the field of quantum thermodynamics. With its quantum advantage, a QB could be charged more efficiently than the classical battery. In this paper, we theoretically and experimentally exploit the frequency-modulated stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (fmod-STIRAP) technique to improve the charging (discharging) efficiency of a cascaded three-level QB that is constituted by a superconducting transmon qutrit. The evolution of the qutrit and its thermodynamic properties are analyzed by carrying out the three-level quantum state tomography on the device. Our experimental results, which are confirmed by numerical simulations, show that the fmod-STIRAP technique yields remarkable advantages in population, ergotropy, and power in the charging (discharging) process.

DOI
10.1063/5.0161354

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The quantum battery (QB), which can potentially store or dispatch energy more efficiently with quantum advantage, has attracted considerable attention lately in the field of quantum thermodynamics. With its quantum advantage, a QB could be charged more efficiently than the classical battery. In this paper, we theoretically and experimentally exploit the frequency-modulated stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (fmod-STIRAP) technique to improve the charging (discharging) efficiency of a cascaded three-level QB that is constituted by a superconducting transmon qutrit. The evolution of the qutrit and its thermodynamic properties are analyzed by carrying out the three-level quantum state tomography on the device. Our experimental results, which are confirmed by numerical simulations, show that the fmod-STIRAP technique yields remarkable advantages in population, ergotropy, and power in the charging (discharging) process.
Quantum batteries are energy storage devices that satisfy quantum mechanical principles. How to improve the battery’s performance such as stored energy and power is a crucial element in the quantum battery. Here, we investigate the charging and discharging dynamics of a three-level counterdiabatic stimulated Raman adiabatic passage quantum battery via shortcuts to adiabaticity, which can compensate for undesired transitions to realize a fast adiabatic evolution through the application of an additional control field to an initial Hamiltonian. The scheme can significantly speed up the charging and discharging processes of a three-level quantum battery and obtain more stored energy and higher power compared with the original stimulated Raman adiabatic passage. We explore the effect of both the amplitude and the delay time of driving fields on the performances of the quantum battery. Possible experimental implementation in superconducting circuit and nitrogen-vacancy center is also discussed.
Recent theoretical and experimental protocols for the stable and effective charging of open quantum batteries (QBs), in particular adiabatic charging of three-level QBs via stimulated Raman adiabatic passages, have sparked renewed interest in adiabatic quantum dynamics. A central question is whether exploiting the adiabatic master equation could provide advantages over the previous studies in the effective charging of open QBs. To answer this question, we revisit the adiabatic charging of three-level QB by using the adiabatic quantum master equation formalism. We restrict ourselves to the weak-coupling regime with an Ohmic thermal bath and investigate the effects of relaxation and dephasing on the charging process. It is also worth emphasizing that our protocol to investigate the charging process of QBs based on the adiabatic master equation despite the previous studies is not phenomenological and is general. We analyze the dependence of the stored energy, ergotropy, as well as the efficiency of the QB on the total time of evolution t_{f}. We demonstrate that for very short charging time (t_{f}), where the evolution is highly nonadiabatic, the stored energy and ergotropy are very small. However, by increasing t_{f} we show that there is an optimal charging time t_{f}^{opt} in which, at low temperatures, we could fully charge the battery and effectively extract the entire amount of energy from it. Note that the optimal charging time could be decreased by adjusting the strength of the coupling between the system and environment and also be the appropriate choice of the Hamiltonian parameters, which, in turn, speed up the charging process. However, we show that for very long charging time t_{f} the charging energy, ergotropy, and efficiency decrease due to thermal excitations. Furthermore, to obtain more insights about the problem we investigate the distance between the density matrix of a system at optimal charging time t_{f}^{opt} and the corresponding thermal state by using the one-norm distance.
Quantum battery is an emerging subject in the field of quantum thermodynamics, which is applied to charge, store and dispatch energy in quantum systems. In this work, we propose a fast and stable charging protocol based on the adiabatic evolution for the dark state of a three-level quantum battery. It combines the conventional stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) and the quantum transitionless driving technique. The charging process can be accelerated up to nearly one order in magnitude even under constraint of the strength of counter-diabatic driving. To perform the charging protocol in the Rydberg atomic system as a typical platform for STIRAP, the prerequisite driving pulses are modified to avoid the constraint of the forbidden transition. Moreover, our protocol is found to be more robust against the environmental dissipation and dephasing than the conventional STIRAP.
Quantum battery, as a novel energy storage device, offers the potential for unprecedented efficiency and performance beyond the capabilities of classical systems, with broad implications for future quantum technologies. Here, we experimentally \RefC{demonstrate quantum charging advantage (QCA)} in a scalable solid-state quantum battery. More specifically, we show how double-excitation Hamiltonians for two-level systems promote scalable QCA \RefB{with standard methods.} We effectively implement the collective evolution of quantum systems with 2 up to 12 battery cells in a superconducting quantum processor, and study the performance of quantum charging compared to its uncorrelated classical counterpart. The model considered is a linear chain of superconducting transmon qubits with only \textit{nearest-neighbor} and \textit{pairwise} interactions, which constitute the simplest model of a multi-cell quantum battery. Our results empirically realize substantial QCA without the necessity of adopting long-range and many-body interactions \RefB{ and showcase the quantum features of the QB charging processes with measurements of non-zero coherent ergotropy, incoherent ergotropy and entanglement,} revealing a promising prospect for further developments of efficient and experimentally feasible protocols for QCA.
Abstract Quantum batteries are miniature energy storage devices and play a very important role in quantum thermodynamics. In recent years, quantum batteries have been extensively studied, but limited in theoretical level. Here we report the experimental realization of a quantum battery based on superconducting qutrit. Our model explores dark and bright states to achieve stable and powerful charging processes, respectively. Our scheme makes use of the quantum adiabatic brachistochrone, which allows us to speed up the battery ergotropy injection. Due to the inherent interaction of the system with its surrounding, the battery exhibits a self-discharge, which is shown to be described by a supercapacitor-like self-discharging mechanism. Our results paves the way for proposals of new superconducting circuits able to store extractable work for further usage.
Quantum batteries, as miniature energy storage devices, have sparked significant research interest in recent years. However, achieving rapid and stable energy transfer in quantum batteries while obeying quantum speed limits remains a critical challenge. In this work, we experimentally optimize the charging process by leveraging the unique energy level structure of a superconducting capacitively shunted flux qubit, using counterdiabatic pulses in the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage. Compared to previous studies, we impose two different norm constraints on the driving Hamiltonian, achieving optimal charging without exceeding the overall driving strength. Furthermore, we experimentally demonstrate a charging process that achieves the quantum speed limit. In addition, we introduce a dimensionless parameter S\mathcal{S}S to unify charging speed and stability, offering a universal metric for performance optimization. In contrast to metrics such as charging power and thermodynamic efficiency, the S\mathcal{S}S criterion quantitatively captures the stability of ergotropy while also considering the charging speed. Our results highlight the potential of the capacitively shunted qubit platform as an ideal candidate for realizing three-level quantum batteries and deliver novel strategies for optimizing energy transfer protocols.