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Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Multimode photon-pair generation with high purity in vortex fiber

Wentan Fang, Chenyun Jiang, Rong Cao, Zhongbin Zhao, Tianhao Hu, Xiaohui Ma, Yong Zhou, Xiaolin Chen, Song Huang, Wei Zhang, Weiqing Gao

Published Jun 10, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This work theoretically demonstrates multimode photon-pair generation with high spectral purity in the designed vortex fiber through multi-mode spontaneous four-wave mixing. The purity can reach 0.9 for four vector fiber modes, including HE 11 , TE 01 , TM 01 , and OAM 11 modes. When the pump wavelength is set at 1550 and 1310 nm, which are both in the fiber telecom band, the multimode photons generated around the pump wavelength have high purity. The photon-pair source in different modes exhibits a high generation rate (≈10 9 pairs/s) and a coincidence-to-accidental coincidence ratio of the photon pair (≈58).

DOI
10.1364/josab.567291

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This work theoretically demonstrates multimode photon-pair generation with high spectral purity in the designed vortex fiber through multi-mode spontaneous four-wave mixing. The purity can reach 0.9 for four vector fiber modes, including HE 11 , TE 01 , TM 01 , and OAM 11 modes. When the pump wavelength is set at 1550 and 1310 nm, which are both in the fiber telecom band, the multimode photons generated around the pump wavelength have high purity. The photon-pair source in different modes exhibits a high generation rate (≈10 9 pairs/s) and a coincidence-to-accidental coincidence ratio of the photon pair (≈58).
To enhance communication capacity, quantum communication has been integrated with the traditional optical fiber communication network using mode-division multiplexing (MDM) techniques. Vortex fiber has been demonstrated to be a reliable transmission medium in fiber communication network using MDM technique, where the stable orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode can be used to encode quantum bit. We theoretically demonstrate multimode photon pairs generation with high spectral purity in the designed vortex fiber through the multi-modal spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM). The purity can reach 0.9 for all four vector fiber modes including HE11, TE01, TM01, and OAM11. When changing the pump wavelength from 1550nm to 1310nm, the photon pairs generated around two telecom-bands remain a high purity. As the proposed indistinguishable telecom-band photons from different eigen-modes are based on the vortex fiber, it has the potential to become a crucial component in future MDM quantum fiber internet.
Abstract : We generate photon pairs at telecom wavelength through a spontaneous four-wave mixing process in a short 10 m of highly nonlinear fiber. We use a counter propagating scheme to generate a correlated and entangled photon pair. We observe coincidence to accidental-coincidence ratio of 29 + or - 3 at room temperature (300 K) and as high as 130 + or - 5 when the fiber is cooled to liquid-nitrogen temperature (77 K). Two-photon interference with visibility 98% (92%) and the violation of Bell's inequality by 12 (approx. equal 5) standard deviation are observed at 77 K (300 K), respectively, without subtracting accidental-coincidence count. We obtain a photon-pair production rate about factor 3(2) higher than a 300 m dispersion-shifted fiber at 300 K (77 K).
Single photon sources are a key element for quantum computing, quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum communications. In particular, producing single photons at telecommunications wavelengths is valuable for QKD protocols and would enable realizing the quantum internet. The preferred method for their generation has long been spontaneous down conversion in bulk crystals, which suffers from connection loss to fiber networks. In-fiber spontaneous four-wave mixing provides a viable alternative as a photon pair source due to being compatible with existing fiber networks. We present an all-fiber photon pair source based on degenerate four-wave mixing in a 400 m Highly-Nonlinear fiber, with signal and idler wavelengths generated at 1552.5 nm and 1557 nm respectively. The source consists of CW pump laser operating at 1554.75 nm, which is slightly detuned from the zero group velocity dispersion wavelength into the normal dispersion regime. After pair generation in the highly-nonlinear fiber, three arrayed waveguide gratings are employed to spatially separate signal and idler, and provides a 120 dB pump power reduction. Firstly the source is modelled and experimentally characterized in the well known classical regime of stimulated four-wave mixing. The effect of fiber cooling on spontaneous Raman scattering is modelled and characterized, and a 30% reduction in spontaneous emission is found when cooling the fiber to -77°C. In the low power regime the coincidence to accidental count ratio is simulated and measured. An increase in the coincidence to accidental count ratio is observed when cooling the fiber.
We generate photon pairs at telecom wavelength through a spontaneous four-wave mixing process in a short 10 m of highly nonlinear fiber. We use a counterpropagating scheme to generate a correlated and entangled photon pair. We observe coincidence to accidental-coincidence ratio of 29±3 at room temperature (300 K) and as high as 130±5 when the fiber is cooled to liquid-nitrogen temperature (77 K). Two-photon interference with visibility >98% (>92%) and the violation of Bell's inequality by >12 (≈5) standard deviation are observed at 77 K (300 K), respectively, without subtracting accidental-coincidence count. We obtain a photon-pair production rate about factor 3(2) higher than a 300 m dispersion-shifted fiber at 300 K (77 K).