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International Academic Conference on Optics and Photonics (IACOP)

Multimode photon pair generation with high purity in vortex fiber

wentan fang, Chenyun Jiang, Xiaohui Ma, Yong Liang Zhou, Xiaolin Chen, Song Huang, Wei Zhang, Weiqing Gao

Published Feb 20, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

To enhance communication capacity, quantum communication has been integrated with the traditional optical fiber communication network using mode-division multiplexing (MDM) techniques. Vortex fiber has been demonstrated to be a reliable transmission medium in fiber communication network using MDM technique, where the stable orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode can be used to encode quantum bit. We theoretically demonstrate multimode photon pairs generation with high spectral purity in the designed vortex fiber through the multi-modal spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM). The purity can reach 0.9 for all four vector fiber modes including HE11, TE01, TM01, and OAM11. When changing the pump wavelength from 1550nm to 1310nm, the photon pairs generated around two telecom-bands remain a high purity. As the proposed indistinguishable telecom-band photons from different eigen-modes are based on the vortex fiber, it has the potential to become a crucial component in future MDM quantum fiber internet.

DOI
10.1117/12.3060311

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To enhance communication capacity, quantum communication has been integrated with the traditional optical fiber communication network using mode-division multiplexing (MDM) techniques. Vortex fiber has been demonstrated to be a reliable transmission medium in fiber communication network using MDM technique, where the stable orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode can be used to encode quantum bit. We theoretically demonstrate multimode photon pairs generation with high spectral purity in the designed vortex fiber through the multi-modal spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM). The purity can reach 0.9 for all four vector fiber modes including HE11, TE01, TM01, and OAM11. When changing the pump wavelength from 1550nm to 1310nm, the photon pairs generated around two telecom-bands remain a high purity. As the proposed indistinguishable telecom-band photons from different eigen-modes are based on the vortex fiber, it has the potential to become a crucial component in future MDM quantum fiber internet.
This work theoretically demonstrates multimode photon-pair generation with high spectral purity in the designed vortex fiber through multi-mode spontaneous four-wave mixing. The purity can reach 0.9 for four vector fiber modes, including HE 11 , TE 01 , TM 01 , and OAM 11 modes. When the pump wavelength is set at 1550 and 1310 nm, which are both in the fiber telecom band, the multimode photons generated around the pump wavelength have high purity. The photon-pair source in different modes exhibits a high generation rate (≈10 9 pairs/s) and a coincidence-to-accidental coincidence ratio of the photon pair (≈58).
High degrees of security have been achieved in quantum communication over fiber using entangled photons. For communications applications, it is crucial to produce high-yield entangled photon pairs (EPPs) with the capacity to transmit them over telecommunication-length fiber distances and the ability to integrate and transmit them over existing classical communication systems. Since spatial division multiplexing (SDM) is currently being demonstrated to replace single-mode communication systems, it only makes sense to demonstrate the generation and transferring EPPs in various fiber modes suitable for generation and transmission in SDM fibers. We experimentally demonstrate EPP formation in a 25-km-long graded-index few-mode fiber (three modes) via the intermodal spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) effect. Mode profile and phase matching condition have been confirmed through experiments.
The capacity of optical communication channels can be increased by space division multiplexing in structured optical fibers. Radial core optical fibers allows for the propagation of twisted light–eigenmodes of orbital angular momentum, which have attracted considerable attention for high-dimensional quantum information. Here we study the generation of entangled photons that are tailor-made for coupling into ring core optical fibers. We show that the coupling of photon pairs produced by parametric down-conversion can be increased by close to a factor of three by pumping the non-linear crystal with a perfect vortex mode with orbital angular momentum ℓ, rather than a gaussian mode. Moreover, the two-photon orbital angular momentum spectrum has a nearly constant shape. This provides an interesting scenario for quantum state engineering, as pumping the crystal with a superposition of perfect vortex modes can be used in conjunction with the mode filtering properties of the ring core fiber to produce simple and interesting quantum states.
In the realm of quantum information processing, harnessing high-dimensional photonic systems provides a pathway to overcome limitations of traditional two-level systems. Orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light has emerged as a powerful tool for creating and manipulating high-dimensional entanglement, promising increased information capacity and enhanced security in quantum communication protocols. However, conventional methods like spontaneous parametric downconversion encounter challenges due to non-uniform production rates of Laguerre–Gaussian modes. This study explores the potential of spontaneous four-wave mixing in ring-core fibers (RCFs) as a viable platform for generating OAM photon pairs with tailored spectral and spatial properties. We show that by controlling the topological charge of pump photons, correlated, uncorrelated, and anti-correlated photon pairs can be engineered across arbitrary spectral ranges, essential for diverse quantum applications. Experimental noise characterization of the RCF-based source demonstrates a high coincidence-to-accidental ratio exceeding 4000, and a low heralded second-order correlation function ( g H (2) <0.005), which confirms its operation well into the single-photon regime. This work demonstrates the potential of RCFs as a versatile platform for generating structured photon pairs, paving the way for future high-dimensional quantum communication and information processing applications.
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) of photons provides a promising approach to enhance the capacity, robustness, and functionality of quantum communication systems in optical fibers. With many twist states available, OAM enables high-dimensional encoding, significantly increasing data rates and noise tolerance. This review explores sources, channels, and system architectures for OAM-based quantum communication in fibers. It compares free-space and integrated emitters, discussing in-fiber pair generation and mode conversion pathways that produce fiber-ready single photons and entangled states. For the channels, it details design principles and trade-offs for step-index and ring-core fibers that minimize intermodal coupling and reviews milestones in kilometer-scale single-photon transmission and high-dimensional entanglement transport. On the system side, the review examines coupling, multiplexing, and detection techniques—including mode (de)multiplexers, lanterns, and programmable sorters—and discusses transmission-matrix-based control methods to mitigate dispersion and bending effects. The review concludes with practical guidance and open challenges, such as improving mode selectivity and stability under real-world conditions; developing compact, efficient detectors for many modes; and integrating co-designed error correction schemes. These directions aim to bridge laboratory demonstrations with the deployment of scalable, high-dimensional fiber networks that harness OAM to significantly boost capacity, resilience, and functionality.
mode, respectively, via the spontaneous intermodal four-wave mixing in a 100-m-long few-mode fiber. We achieve a coincidence to accidental-coincidence ratio of 28, which clearly indicates the existence of quantum correlation. We also discuss the contribution of spontaneous Raman scattering to the background noise of photon pairs. Our source of photon pairs, compatible with the low-loss multiplexing and de-multiplexing components for space division multiplexing optical fiber communication, can be used for generating higher-dimensional entanglement.