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International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED)

An FPGA-based Emulation Process for Dynamic Quantum Circuits

Yicheng Song, Željko Žilić

Published Apr 23, 2025• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The current quantum computation on physical devices has predominantly been constrained to basic, time-ordered sequences of unitary quantum operations culminating in a final projective measurement. As quantum computing hardware evolves in scale and functionality, it becomes crucial to facilitate the construction of quantum circuits beyond their traditional confines. Recent progress in quantum hardware has brought about mid-circuit measurements and resets, allowing for the recycling of measured qubits and notably decreasing the qubit demands for running quantum algorithms. We propose an FPGA-based dynamic quantum circuit emulation process to provide an emulation platform for designing and verifying dynamic quantum circuits.

DOI
10.1109/isqed65160.2025.11014465

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The current quantum computation on physical devices has predominantly been constrained to basic, time-ordered sequences of unitary quantum operations culminating in a final projective measurement. As quantum computing hardware evolves in scale and functionality, it becomes crucial to facilitate the construction of quantum circuits beyond their traditional confines. Recent progress in quantum hardware has brought about mid-circuit measurements and resets, allowing for the recycling of measured qubits and notably decreasing the qubit demands for running quantum algorithms. We propose an FPGA-based dynamic quantum circuit emulation process to provide an emulation platform for designing and verifying dynamic quantum circuits.
It can be shown that if quantum algorithms run on quantum computers, their processing speeds improve exponentially compared to their classical counterparts. However, due to the lack of quantum computers circuit model of quantum algorithms are currently simulated using classical computers to verify their functionalities. On the other hand, software simulation cannot use the intrinsic parallelism of quantum algorithm efficiently. To address the problem, in this paper hardware emulation of quantum algorithms are discussed. To emulate quantum algorithms using FPGAs, a new representation for quantum bits is emulated that improves the emulation of quantum circuits considerably. This representation could be used in both distinct and entangle qubit states.
Hardware emulation based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) platform is vital to harness the power of quantum parallelism. As resource requirement grows exponentially in classical modeling quantum system, an optimum hardware architecture is crucial to emulate practical quantum circuits. Quantum Fourier transform (QFT) finds application in several critical quantum algorithms. In this work, experiments are conducted based on QFT to identify suitable qubit representation and hardware design technique. Experimental results show that 24-bit fixed point representation and serial architecture achieve optimal computation accuracy and resource utilization in QFT circuit emulation.
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In the past decades, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have demonstrated an interesting physical platform to facilitate quantum information processing, particularly in the emergence of domain-specific hardware accelerators for quantum computing emulation and quantum key distillation. While conventional general-purpose hardware platforms have been used for quantum information processing, FPGAs promise deep pipeline parallelism, adaptable interface, and trivial support for custom-precision operation. Therefore, the time is ripe for describing recent development of quantum computing emulators and quantum key distillation accelerators on FPGAs. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in this active field, with a balance between theoretical, implementational, and technological results. Challenges and promising research opportunities are also discussed.
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Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have been used in most of the physics sub-fields for various unique purposes. This includes particle physics, quantum optics, and, more recently, quantum computing. FPGAs boast many benefits over previous experimental and computational setups. They are versatile, easy to program, and cost-effective, leading to an understandable desire to incorporate them into the new field of quantum computing. While FPGAs have been used to help control the readout and control of physical qubits, they can also be a good tool for improving algorithm simulations, which is the focus of this paper. Different algorithms have different computational limits because of the varying operations and circuit depth levels. Due to the ease of incorporating parallel processes and the ability to optimize FPGAs on a deeper level, we can speed up computationally expensive operations, increasing the size of the quantum circuits we can simulate. This paper aims to provide an educational walkthrough for quantum computing physicists interested in taking advantage of FPGAs in their research. Our findings indicate that an inexpensive FPGA with a clock rate of 100MHz can perform simple, unoptimized matrix operations on the order of 107 ns faster than a CPU using optimized Python libraries. This can be further improved upon using more expensive hardware and optimized designs. This will provide many researchers and students with the tools needed to study quantum algorithms without the need for costly hardware.