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International Conference on Computer and Automation Engineering

Comparative Analysis of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) in Various Ring Resonator Configurations

Charmaine C. Paglinawan, Arnold C. Paglinawan, Benjamin B. Dingel, Ramon Benedict L. Lapiña

Published Mar 20, 2025• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is a phenomenon where a narrow transparency window appears within an absorption band of a material due to quantum interference. This effect has significant applications in various fields, including slow light devices, optical filters, and sensors. This paper compares three prominent EIT implementation resonator structures: single direct-coupled, double coupler add-drop, standard double resonator (SDR), coupled ring reflector (CRR) and self-coupled optical waveguide (SCOW). We analyze their underlying mechanisms, performance characteristics, and suitability for different applications, supported by recent research from 2020 onwards. We also present simulated transmission spectra, using Lumerical Interconnect, for each configuration to visually illustrate their distinct features.

DOI
10.1109/iccae64891.2025.10980500

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Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is a phenomenon where a narrow transparency window appears within an absorption band of a material due to quantum interference. This effect has significant applications in various fields, including slow light devices, optical filters, and sensors. This paper compares three prominent EIT implementation resonator structures: single direct-coupled, double coupler add-drop, standard double resonator (SDR), coupled ring reflector (CRR) and self-coupled optical waveguide (SCOW). We analyze their underlying mechanisms, performance characteristics, and suitability for different applications, supported by recent research from 2020 onwards. We also present simulated transmission spectra, using Lumerical Interconnect, for each configuration to visually illustrate their distinct features.
We investigate the resonance property of a self-coupled optical waveguide (SCOW) with four coupling points. Under a special condition that the two outer couplers are in weak coupling and the two inner couplers are in strong coupling, an implicit standing-wave resonance mode is formed inside the SCOW structure. As the resonance is feedback coupled via an S-shape bus waveguide, electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-like resonance features are observed in the output transmission spectrum. The SCOW resonator is analyzed using the coupled mode theory and finite-difference time-domain simulation. The device is experimentally demonstrated on the silicon-on-insulator platform. The measurement results overall agree well with the theoretical calculation. The EIT-like peak can be tuned by a thermo-optic phase shifter made of a NIN-type silicon resistor integrated in the feedback waveguide. The results point to new ways of creating on-chip optical analog of the EIT phenomenon that can be utilized for various optical signal processing applications.
We propose a self-coupled optical waveguide (SCOW)-based resonator to generate an optical resonance analogous to electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The EIT-like effect is formed by the coherent interference between two resonance paths inherent to the SCOW resonator. For cascaded SCOW resonators, the spectrum they produce is significantly affected by the phase shift between them, with the EIT-like peak flattened or split as the two extreme cases. We also investigate the dispersion characteristics of an infinite array of SCOW resonators and show that the dispersion relation and group index in the EIT subband can be greatly changed by a small phase shift between the SCOW resonators.
Metamaterials, or artificial materials with optical properties not known for natural materials, have recently been used to demonstrate unusual optical phenomena, such as negative refraction, perfect lenses, subwavelength components, and electromagnetic invisibility cloaks. Most of the metamaterials designed to date are periodic structures containing a single resonating element in each unit cell, such as a split-ring resonator (SRR), a cutwire, or a slab-wire pair [1]. In this contribution, we demonstrate that a metamaterial with two coupled SRRs can exhibit an effect reminiscent of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), a coherent process normally observed in three-level atomic media [2]. Due to this process, a small transparency window with low absorption appears in the spectral response of the metamaterial. Simultaneously, extremely steep normal dispersion is observed in the transparency window, which is useful for slow-light applications.
In this paper, we realize tunable Fano and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-like resonances in the outputs of a nested feedback ring resonator. Compared with the traditional add-drop ring resonator, the feedback arm introduces interference between different resonance modes. Using coupled mode theory, we reveal that the output Fano resonances are the interference of discrete modes and continuum modes, whereas the EIT-like resonance only appears in the over-coupled state. We experimentally confirm the two effects using optical fiber ring resonators, finding that the Fano effect can be easily controlled with phase shifts in the feedback arm. Moreover, we achieve the double Fano resonance, which displays an ‘X’ type lineshape utilizing one ring resonator, predicting it to be a good candidate in wavelength monitor. The proposed simple configuration provides a platform to study Fano and EIT-like effect, which is useful in the optical filter, fast and slow light, optical switching, and optical sensing.
The analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency in optical methods has shown great potential in slow light and sensing applications. Here, we experimentally demonstrated a coupled resonator induced transparency system with three cascaded ring coupled resonators in a silicon chip. The structure was modeled by using the transfer matrix method. Influences of various parameters including coupling ratio of couplers, waveguide loss and additional loss of couplers on transmission characteristic and group index have been investigated theoretically and numerically in detail. The transmission character of the system was measured by the vertical grating coupling method. The enhanced quality factor reached 1.22 × 10⁵. In addition, we further test the temperature performance of the device. The results provide a new method for the manipulation of light in highly integrated optical circuits and sensing applications.
This study demonstrates a metamaterial with two coupled split-ring resonators (SRR) can exhibit an effect reminiscent of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), a coherent process normally observed in three-level atomic media. The coupling between two SRR induces a frequency splitting in the spectral response of the metamaterial, opening up a narrow transmission band in the centre of the absorption line. The obtained reduction in group velocity together with the low absorption is useful for a variety of slow-light applications, without the need for the extreme cooling or the large magnetic fields that are typically required for EIT in atomic systems.