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Journal of Optics

Performance evaluation of the SARG04 protocol for photonic quantum key distribution in quantum computing

Gopinath Palai

Published Apr 7, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s12596-025-02657-z

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This paper analyzes the performance of two quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, SARG04 and BB84, under different random quantum noise levels. It also looks at the protocols’ potential applications in Internet of Things (IoT) device security for a proposed architecture. In the proposed model, long-range photons are inherently vulnerable to quantum noise, which complicates real-world QKD implementations and jeopardizes the reliability and resilience of the secret key generation process. By simulating different noise situations, we evaluate the overall security performance, mistake rates, and key generation rates of the BB84 and SARG04 protocols. Our findings suggest that although both protocols can withstand moderate noise levels, SARG04 and BB84 perform similarly regarding secure key length. We also address the consequences of these results for the security of the Internet of Things, highlighting QKD’s role in minimizing vulnerabilities related to conventional cryptography techniques. QKD integration can improve data security and privacy in Internet of Things frameworks, offering a viable way to protect sensitive data in increasingly networked devices. This work significantly contributes to the current efforts in quantum cryptography research by providing insightful advice on protocol selection and secure IoT connectivity implementation techniques.
Most qubit-based quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols extract the secure key merely from single-photon component of the attenuated lasers. However, with the Scarani-Acin-Ribordy-Gisin 2004 (SARG04) QKD protocol, the unconditionally secure key can be extracted from the two-photon component by modifying the classical post-processing procedure in the BB84 protocol. Employing the merits of SARG04 QKD protocol and six-state preparation, one can extract secure key from the components of single photon up to four photons. In this paper, we provide the exact relations between the secure key rate and the bit error rate in a six-state SARG04 protocol with single-photon, two-photon, three-photon, and four-photon sources. By restricting the mutual information between the phase error and bit error, we obtain a higher secure bit error rate threshold of the multiphoton components than previous works. Besides, we compare the performances of the six-state SARG04 with other prepare-and-measure QKD protocols using decoy states.